SF 427 
.P69 
Copy 1 



1 I Um 



[CJVSE DOGS 

.R G^RE AND TREATMENT. 




By.R. B. Plage man, D. V.S. 



.v 



HOUSE DOGS, 

Their Care and Treatment, 

/ BY 

R. B. PLACEMAN, D. V. S., 

11 

MEMBER AN3 VETERINARIAN OF THE 

AMERICAN PET DOG CLUB, 
METROPOLITAN KENNEL CLUB SHOW, 

VETERINARY EDITOR OF THE 

AMERICAN KENNEL GAZETTE, 

I) 

■•. AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE 

AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB. 



" "With eye upraised his master's look to scan, 
The joy, the solace, and the aid of man ; 
The rich man's guardian and the poor man's friend, 
The only creature faithful to the end.'' 



PUBLISHFD BY 

S, C. HODGE, 21 P.4RK Row. New York. 

u ■ 



.V- 



TNATO COPIES RECEIVED, 

Library of Con§r>e«fl|^ 
Office of thQ 

DEC 6 - 1899 

Register of Copyrlghfib 



3792 



Copyright, 1899.— R. B. PLACEMAN. 



Copyright, 1899.- S. C. HODGE. 



SftCOMO COPY, 






TO 

MRS. WALTER STANTON, 

President of tl^e American Pet Dog Club, 

An ardent adn^irer of dogs, and or^e wl^o takes the 

deepest interest ir| their improvement 

and welfare, this little work 

Is RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 




How can I keep my dog in health is a question very 
often asked me. It is no easy matter to keep a dog 
in a large city healthy, considering the many draw- 
backs which the owner has to contend with. 

A dog kept in the city is supposedly a pet dog, no 
matter what his breed, as he has no definite use — the 
selection of a dog as a pet is a mere matter of fancy — 
a St. Bernard or a Great Dane may be a lady's pet. 

The American Pet Dog Club found it a stickler 
some time ago when they contemplated changing the 
name of the club, the question arose could not a Mas- 
tiff be a lady's pet, as well as a King Charles Spaniel, 
although he may not be a lap-dog. But the surround- 
mgs of a dog should be suited as nearly as possible to 
his breed. 

A St. Bernard may be your choice, but he will be 
no end of worriment to you in a city to keep him in 
health ; this applies to most of the large breeds. 



What a pitiable sight it is to sec the once magnifi- 
cent animal, fat, his spirits all gone, walking with de- 
crepit step, his coat harsh and eyes staring ; nose dry, 
with an eczematous rash on his back and ears, prema- 
turely old. What is the reason ? The room was in- 
adequate ; the conditions were unfavorable. 

Everything depends upon his environment. 

The two most important duties imposed upon you 
as the owner of a dog, no matter what the breed, is 
to see that he has plenty of exercise and proper food. 
The subject of feeding I will take up later. 

The limits of this paper are too small to permit of a 
full discussion on the different breeds of dogs, their 
characteristics, etc., but this I wall say, that when the 
possibilities do not permit of a goodly amount of ex- 
ercise, choose a small breed for your pet, and above 
all, do not get a mongrel. There is always more sat- 
isfaction in having a well bred dog. I think it some- 
what humiliating to have to say to a friend when 
asked, "What kind of dog is that?" "Well, he is no 
particular breed, only a little mongrel." It costs no 
more to keep a good dog than it does a poor one, and 
it is a great satisfaction to say that your dog is a fine 
Scottish Terrier, or a fine Blenheim Spaniel. 

With the increasing number of well-bred dogs the 
field for the qualified veterinarian who is making the 
ailments of these animals a special study and will also 
observe keenly the characteristics and peculiarities of 
the dififerent breeds, will keep on growing. The rapid 
advancement in science has wrought many changes in 
the principles and practices of canine medicine. Old 
theories are rapidly giving place to new ones, and the 
charlatan and old fashioned dog doctor are fast disap- 
pearing. 



In none of our domesticated animals can we apply 
our system of medicine and surgery with so. much 
precision as in the dog. His intelligence surpasses 
that of any of our other dumb friends, and he often 
can aid us in our diagnosis. They understand much 
more than we chose to give them credit for. Dogs 
are proud, emotional, dignified and feel a reprimand 
keenly. Observe the look on the countenance of your 
Collie when }-ou say to him, "Robin is a good dog;" 
and then say, "Robin is a bad dog." I think each 
breed has its peculiar and particular characteristic. 

Compare the Roman dignity of the MastifT with the 
frivolitv of the Fox Terrier. 

Study your dog's character ; you will profit mutually 
by so doing. A scolding is often more effectual than 
a whipping. At any rate, try it first, and above all. 
don't lose your temper ; a little patience will often 
work wonders. 

The friend of the poor and the friend of the rich ; he 
is found everywhere — in the palace and in the hovel — 
loving his poor master with the same faithfulness as 
he does his rich one. His courage, fidelity and com- 
panionship attach him to the human race everywhere. 




EXERCISE. 

Exercise is absolutely requisite in keeping your 
dog in health ; more so in the young than in the aged. 
Compare your neighbor's dog, which is out every day. 
with yours, which goes out only once in a while. Ob- 
serve the difference in their coats, spirits, activity and 
their muscular development. 

Every one who has a back yard can, of course, let 
his dog out ; but he soon tires of this and wants to get 
back into the house after walking around a few times, 
or chasing a cat off the fence. 

It is a good plan to teach your dog to retrieve a ball, 
as it can be thrown from your window and he will 
soon learn to bring it to you. See that the rubber 
ball is not too small, as he may accidentally swallow it. 

Break your puppy to the lead as soon as possible, 
and don't wait until he is a year old before you take 
him in the street. Let him get gradually accustomed 
to the noises of the streets by taking him first in a 
quiet one. Talk to him if he appears timid, and try 
and assure him that you will protect him, calling him 
by name frequently. 

Excessive exercise should be avoided, such as fol- 
lowing carriages and bicycles any great distance, par- 
ticularly in hot weather. 

Every lady can find time to take her dog out; and 
1 have no hesitation in saying that if she makes it a 
rule to take him out every morning for a walk, she 
will benefit him amazingly. Besides, your dog is bet- 
ter educated by going out and seeing different places 
and objects, and getting accustomed to the noises of a 
city. 

6 



Of course, it is necessary that your dog should be 
obedient, as a disobedient dog will run a great risk in 
being run over by a trolley car or bicycle. Never al- 
low him to cross the street .without you, and insist that 
he come to you when called. Remember that exercise 
IS the most important thing you have to attend to, if 
you v.'ish to keep your dog in health ; far more im- 
portant than the question of his diet. 

The small, delicate breeds, such as King Charles' 
Spaniels, Japs, Blenheims and Yorkshire Terriers, if 
taken in the street or allowed to run in the back yard 
when the weather is wet, should be thoroughly dried 
when they come in, particularly in winter, as they take 
cold very easily. 

As to blanketing dogs in winter, I think it wise to 
do so with the small, delicate breeds, such as Toy 
Black-and-Tans, Italian Greyhounds and Pugs, as the 
sudden change from a warm house to the cold air is 
apt to produce coughs and colds. This precaution 
with dogs that have dense and long coats is not neces- 
sarv. 




C:'. -1 



-iSiLi^. 



WASHING. 



This depends largely upon the breed of dog, his 
color, and where and how he is kept. 

Long-haired dogs require washing more than short- 
haired ones I think in summer once a week is suf- 
ficent for any breed, and in winter once every three or 
four weeks. Do not attempt to wash your dog on a 
very cold day. The water should be tepid, winter or 
summer; a trifle warmer in winter. 

When thoroughly cleansed, he should be dried with 
towels, and if the weather is cold, this should be done 
before a fire. 

In the long-haired varieties, after he is dried thor- 
oughly, brush him. It will act as a stimulent to the 
skin and the general health will be improved. Do not 
apply it to the extent of irritation, as then more harm 
will be done by rendering the skin sensitive. In short- 
haired dogs, hand rubbing after the bath gives the 
coat a fine, glossy appearance. 

Any matted hair that cannot be combed out should 
be cut ofif. 

I think it a mistake to clip dogs in summer, except 
for some special reason, as in certain skin diseases, 
when it is impossible to get the medicament on the 
afifected parts. Some breeds never get their coats 
back again with the same length and gloss. I have 
noticed this particularly in Collies and Skye Terriers, 
and certainly flies are almost as great a nuisance to 
them in summer as fleas. If the coat is clipped off, 
they worry him much more. 

Whenever it is possible to give your dog a swim in 
the sea, do so ; it will help him amazingly and tempo- 
rarilv rid him of his fleas. When he is taken to the 



seashore for the first time, do not attempt to frighten 
him bv throwing him in, as it will be difficult ever after 
to get him to go in of his own accord. The dog has 
a remarkable memory, and does not forget an injustice 
or a wrong done him as long as he lives. 

I presume that the bath tub is the place where the 
house dog gets his ablution ; if so, draw the water first 
in the tub, luke warm. Immerse your dog and wet 
him all over before using the soap. Do not throw 
water in his face, and take care that the soap does not 
come in contact with his eyes. An ordinary nail brush 
will answer for the purpose of scrubbing him. Squeeze 
the water out of the hair, commencing at the ears and 
going gradually down, while the animal has his fore 
paws on the side of the bathtub ; then take him out 
and thoroughly dry him. 

As to the matter of soaps, use white castile. Car- 
bolic and other strongly medicated soaps are danger- 
ous to use on dogs, and their use should be discour- 
aged. There are many so-called "dog soaps" and 
"flea soaps" which should never be used on a dog. 





FEEDING. 



Ninety-five per cent, of house dogs are overfed ; 
nearly as great a percentage are improperly fed. 

Where eating is concerned, dogs have wonderful 
sympathies ; the dog just fed almost to satiety, seeing 
his master eating, is ready to partake of any morsel 
which may be olfered. They are most persistent beg- 
gars, and the haljit once acquired is very difficult to 
break. It is true that many tricks are learned at the 
breakfast or dinner table ; he will do many things for 
a dainty morsel that a whip would fail to teach. 

He sits for a piece of meat ; if he continues to sit he 
gets another and another; and so on, really eating 
nearly two meals in this way. These little morsels 
thus given him have a tendency to fatten him ; then 
you don't understand how he gets so fat. "Why, he 
only gets one meal a day !" Dogs should not be al- 



lowed to frequent the dining room or kitchen. Like 
the cat, he will soon learn to steal, but happily, he is 
more easily broken of the crime than the audacious 
cat. 

The kitchen frequenter is generally the fattest and 
laziest, getting all the scraps and dish licking — and 
then lying by the range. A dog which is not overfed 
will generally be glad to eat bread. If his digestion 
is impaired by too many sweets, he requires serious 
attention. 

It may seem cruel to the indulgent mistress, but a 
fast of twenty-four hours once in a while in dogs 
which are very fat does good. 

I thoroughly recognize the fact that some dogs will 
eat very sparingly and still continue to be fat. but this 
is usually the case when he is getting along in years. 
Regular and gentle exercise is needed in these cases. 

No house dog should be fed in quantities .sufficiently 
large to satisfy him. 

When a dog, heretofore a good feeder, refuses his 
meal, you may know he is sick ; do not coax him, but 
remove the food and watch him. Ofifer it to him 
again in an hour, and if he still refuses it, the chances 
are that he requires medical aid. 

Regularity in the hour of feeding is important. It 
does not matter much what time of day ; let it be the 
time most convenient for you. The regular hour once 
established, he will be pretty sure to call your atten- 
tion to it when the time comes around. 

The digestive powers of the dog are great, but the 
process of digestion is slow. 

After partaking of a full meal of meat cut up small, 
the digestion is active ; it increases until the third hour 
and slowly decreases until the ninth, and is over at 



the twelfth. The digestion varies with the different 
kinds of meat. Pork is the most difficult to digest. 
Mutton is the easiest, and beef next. Bones are dif- 
ficult ; they are digested from the surface, and are re- 
duced as the lime salts are dissolved. Fat is not di- 
gested in the stomach, but passes on to the intestines 
and is emulsified by the pancreatic juice; this is due 
to its alkaline reaction. The gastric juice has no action 
on fat. Fatty substances are converted into an opaque 
substance called chyle, and is ready for absorption. 

The gastric juice which is found in the stomach 
softens and disintegrates the food, dissolving it ; this 
process is called chymification. 

On account of the habit of dogs of bolting their 
food, the digestion of hydro-carbonaceous, or starchy 
food, is not transformed into glucose until it reaches 
the duodenum, or first portion of the intestine, where 
it comes in contact with the intestinal and pancreatic 
juices. 

When from any cause the secretion of the gastric 
juice is lessened, fermentation is easily started. This 
condition may occur in fevers, anemic diseases, from 
the effects of corrosive poisons, and in chronic catarrah 
of the stomach. 

Albumin is entirely digested in the intestines. No 
digestion whatever takes place in the large intestines. 

No animal vomits more easily than the dog. Eat- 
ing too fast or violent exercise soon after a meal will 
cause vomition. Almost all dogs are ready to re-eat 
the rejected matter, but if the vomiting is caused from 
some serious ailment this inclination is not mani- 
fested. 

No organ is more variable in size than the dog's 
stomach, because of the great differences in the size 



of the animal, according to breed. M. Colin has 
found the minimum to be one and one-half pints and 
the maximum one and three-quarter gallons, the aver- 
age being about two and one-half quarts. The intes- 
tines in the dog are relatively small as compared with 
the stomach ; that is one of the reasons why the dog 
can fast so well. 

In a dog of medium size, the intestines measure 
about 14 feet ; of this, the large intestines measure 
about 28 inches, the coecum forms only a small spirally- 
twisted appendix ; the colon is divided into ascending, 
transverse and descending, and is continued directly 
with the rectum. 

Foodstuffs are divisible into : 

I. Organic. 

1. Nitrogenous, (a) albumens, (b) albuminoids (as 
gelatin). 

2. Non-nitrogenous, (a) carbohydrates (sugars and 
starches), (b) fats. 

II. Inorganic. 

1. Water. 

2. Salts. 

It has been found by feeding experiments on dogs 
that they die when they lack any one of the constitu- 
ents of food. Thus, dogs fed on sugar and water die 
almost as soon as if they were wholly deprived of food. 

The dog has 42 teeth arranged as follows : Six in- 
cisors (or front teeth) in each jaw ; 4 canines, or large 
teeth ; 8 premolars ; 4 molars in the upper jaw and 6 
in the lower. 

Front teeth, 12. 

Canines, 4. 

Premolars, 16. 

Molars, 10. 

Total, 42. 




THE FIVE SENSES — TASTING. 

14 



There is a great diversity of opinion as to how much 
meat a dog ought to get. This will depend largely 
upon the breed of dog, his habits, age, time of the 
year, constitution, etc. 

It seems to be their natural food. They belong to 
the carnivorae, or flesh-eating, but domestication car- 
ries with it a multitude of sins- — the sins of improper 
feeding. Dogs certainly have no cravings for starch)- 
foods; to be fed on them exclusively invites a debili- 
tated constitution and oftimes an eczematious con- 
dition of the skin. 

For a standard article of food suitable for all the 
larger breeds of dogs I approve of the better brands of 
dog biscuit. Dogs require change of food as well as 
human beings, and dog cakes should not be used as a 
constant diet. Among the various brands examined I 
find the Spratt's brand excellent in quality and 
make-up. Reliable dog food is also manufactured bv 
Austin & Graves. 

For small pet dogs, Spratt's pet dog biscuit is a 
very good article of food, alternating some days with 
boiled rice and gravy. 

As a rule, boiling is not a good form of preparing 
meat, because it withdraws not only important salts, 
but proteids and the extractives — nitrogenous and 
other. 

Beef tea is valuable chiefly because of these extrac- 
tives, though it also contains a little gelatin, albumen 
and fats. 

The law of rhythm is illustrated, both in health and 
disease, in striking ways in the digestive tract. 

An animal long accustomed to eat at a certain hour 
of the day will experience at that time not only hun- 
ger, but other sensations, probably referable to secre- 



tion of a certain quantity of the digestive juices and 
to the movements that usually accompany the presence 
of food in the alimentary tract. 

In the same way defecation becomes an established 
habit. 

In this way dogs are taught cleanly habits and en- 
couraged therein by regular attention to their needs. 

The blood vessels of the stomach and intestines and 
the villi of the latter receive the digested food for fur- 
ther elaboration (absorption). The undigested rem- 
nant of food and the excretions of the intestines make 
up the faeces, the latter being expelled by a series of 
co-ordinated movements, essentially reflex in origin. 

The subject of diet is a very large one, but it will be 
evident on rcffection that no average diet can be pres- 
cribed for house dogs. But this I do say, that the 
small, or toy breeds, thrive better on a restricted meat 
diet. As we go up in size we can afford to be a little 
more generous in the quantity of flesh food. It is a 
well known observation that dogs are more active and 
display to a greater extent their latent ferocity when 
they feed very largely on flesh. 

A nitrogenous (flesh diet) increases the activity of 
the vital processes of the body. 

A bowl of fresh water should always be kept where 
the dog can get it conveniently ; the use of water has a 
great influence on the waste processes of the body. 

The old custom of putting a stick of sulphur in your 
dog's drinking water is a superstition, sulphur being 
perfectly insoluble in water. There are few animals in 
which the denial of water is more keenly felt than in 
the dog. 

In the dog the integument, or skin, is compara- 
tively destitute of perspiratory glands, the pulmonary 



transpiration becomes much more active, and the 
watery secretion is exhaled through the lungs, as 
when you see him in hot weather with his tongue pro- 
truded and the respirations very much quickened. 

The overstimulating effect of an exclusive meat diet 
is to blame for many of the ailments of house dogs. 
We have seen that the two most important factors in 
keeping your dog in health are proper feeding and ex- 
ercise. 

The amount of flesh which a dog, being a carnivor- 
ous animal, can digest and use for the maintenance of 
his metabolic processes is enormous, though it has 
been learned that ill-nourished dogs cannot, even at the 
outset of a feeding experiment of this kind, main- 
tain the equilibrium of their body weight on a purely 
flesh diet. Fat being excluded, they at once com- 
mence to lose weight, as they have to draw upon their 
own limited store of fat. 

Foodstuffs and the oxygen of the air are the body's 
sources of energy. 

No one food can be said to be exclusively fattening, 
heat-forming or muscle-forming. 

In a healthy dog we note the following conditions : 
Eyes bright, nose cold and moist, except when sleep- 
ing, when it is often hot and dry, pulse ranging from 
eighty to one hundred beats per minute, varying ac- 
cording to breed ; coat glossy, skin soft and easily 
moved ; color of faeces varies according to the food ; 
un an exclusive meat diet it is very dark ; on meat and 
fat it is dark brown ; on bread and milk it is clay- 
colored. 

In an impaired digestion one may see numerous 
particles of food which have not been acted upon by 
the gastric and intestinal juices. 

»7, 



If the color is greenish-gray or greenish-yellow and 
watery, it points to some disorder of the liver. 

> The presence of mucus indicates irritation of the in- 
testinal mucous membrane, often caused by worms. 

Blood mixed with the faeces is often seen in dis- 
temper cases, especially in young dogs. The differ- 
ence in spirits is often the first indication w^e have of 
sickness ; then loss, or partial loss, of appetite, con- 
tinued shivering and a disposition to seek secluded 
spots. 




i8 



Administtation of Medicine^ 

In nervous animals this is often a difficult matter. 
The pet that is usually affectionate and obedient be- 
comes snappish, through fear, and often in the most 
experienced hands it is about impossible to give him 
his medicine. 

A dog suffering with enteritis (inflammation of the 
bowels) will invariably resist all medicine, no matter 
who attempts to give it. 

The usual mode of administering a pill is to take 
the dog between the knees, grasp the upper jaw with 
the left hand, pressing the lips against the teeth, to 
prevent the animal from closing his jaws from fear of 
injuring his lips, drop the pill well back of the tongue, 
close the mouth quickly and by gently pressing on the 
throat you w^ill cause him to swallow. 

Sometimes, when the animal is too obstreperous, 
you mav use a little deception by putting the pill in a 
small piece of meat and offering it to him quickly, first 
giving him a piece without a pill, so as to throw him 
off his guard. With liquids, kneel on the floor, push 
the animal close to you, make a funnel of the lips at 
the side by pulling the lips away from the teeth, and 
pour it slowly in, giving him time to swallow. If he 
liolds it in his mouth, use the same means as directed 
above. When an animal is not very sick and his ap- 
petite not much impaired, some tasteless medicines, 
such as sulphur or magnesia, may be given in milk 
or broth. 

Do not attempt to give medicine with a bottle, as 
the risk of the dog breaking it with his teeth is too 
great. A spoon is the most convenient. A few drugs 
can be administered hypodermically, but this had bet- 
ter be left to the veterinarian. 




- — -J_ 

NURSING* 



Before going into the subject of diseases, I want to 
impress upon my readers that good nursing is half the 
battle, therefore, the mistress who will attend to this 
herself and not leave it to servants will have the satis- 
faction of knowing that he is being well taken care of. 
Moreover, a dog is much less liable to resist his master 
or mistress in administering medicine. Remember 
that warmth, cleanliness and regularity in giving the 
patient his medicine is all important. 

n you love your dog, you won't go about this in- 
differently, but you v/ill take note of all the symptoms 
as they change for better or worse. If you are giving 
him medicine to move his bowels, don't turn him out 
in the back yard or street and not see that it has had 
the desired effect. 

When it is necessary to call in a veterinarian, see 
that his instructions are faithfully carried out. The 
practitioner and the nurse working together will ac- 
complish much better results by their combined ef- 
forts, and it will be a satisfaction to know that you 
have done your best for your pet. 



Diseases of the Intestinal Tract. 
COLIC. 

This is a disease very common in dogs, more so in 
puppies than in aduhs. 

In puppies it is of great significance, as it is apt to 
lead to inflammation of the bowels. In pups the chief 
cause is worms, but it may arise from indigestion, 
caused by eating too much, or from some irritating 
substance which young dogs are very apt to pick up, 
such as pieces of wood, coal, thread, pins, etc. 

Colicky pains sometimes accompany diarrhoea. The 
symptoms are : Going around ; shifting his position ; 
looking around at the flanks ; uttering sharp cries or 
moaning, and in puppies a disposition to bite, when 
you attempt to lift them up. 

The abdomen is not always swollen, nor are there 
any signs of fever. When taken in the lap and the 
abdomen rubbed, the animal evinces no sign of pain 
from it, but to the contrary seems to get some relief 
and will often remain quiet while you are rubbing it. 

It will often be observed that the back is arched, 
and the tail, which in health is carried up, is now de- 
pressed. A symptom which we often see in adult 
dogs, never in young pups, is resting the fore part of 
the body on the ground, with the hind parts elevated. 
There are intervals of quiet, but they are of short du- 
ration, and if he is a much petted dog he will seek his 
master or mistress and beg to be taken up. He re- 
fuses all food, and his appearance betokens one of 
great pain. 

If the attack is prolonged, vomiting comes on and 
he seeks seclusion. 

In puppies, when caused from worms, they usually 
have fits toward the last. 



It is vastly more serious in pups than in adult dogs. 

TREATMENT. 

The first thing to do is to give a purgative, castor 
oil or olive oil. 

Dose for a pup, teaspoonful ; for adult dog, table- 
spoonful. 

The best drug to relieve pain is undoubtedly mor- 
phine ; dogs stand comparatively large doses of this 
drug. A pup will take one-eighth of a grain ; an 
adult dog one-quarter. If the case has reached the 
stage of vomiting, it must be given hypodermically. 

Enemas of warm water assist by relieving the lower 
bowel of fecal matter. 

If the disease is caused from worms, which will 
usually be the case in young pups, it is best to ad- 
minister a vermifuge as soon as possible. For very 
young pups, pink root and senna in 15 drop doses is 
a safe drug; in older dogs, santonin and calomel, half 
grain of each, twice a day. If the colic is from other 
causes, clean out the bowels of the irritating matter. 
Calomel in small doses, say a quarter of a grain every 
half hour until two grains are taken, followed by a 
dose of calcined magnesia, say about a teaspoonful dis- 
solved in water (dose for an adult dog). No solid 
food should be given for a few days. 

A small quantity of soda crackers in gravy, beef tea 
or milk must be the diet for two or three days. When 
you return to solid food, one grain of lacta'ted pepsin, 
mixed with the food, will be advisable. 

The food must be given in small quantities and 
often. Do not allow any bones. Potatoes are indi- 
gestible. '] 

Chicken bones should never be given to dogs. They 
are very dangerous. Remember this particularly. 



Inflammation of the Bowels. 

This disease is often a sequel to colic. It is caused 
by exposure, poisons of an irritant nature, blows in 
the abdomen, impaction of fecal matter and the lodg- 
ment of foreign substances which the dog has swal- 
lowed. In this disease the animal is very morose ; he 
seeks seclusion ; the tail is held firmly down ; eyes 
have a dull expression ; urine scanty and high colored ; 
the abdomen is tucked up and sensitive to pressure, 
and he walks slowly. 

Vomiting is not always an accompaniment. The 
breathing is somewhat characteristic, the abdominal 
muscles are tense, and the thoracic, or chest, muscles 
are brought more into play. This is to relieve the 
pain. The pupils are dilated, nose hot and dry, appe- 
tite completely lost, and the breath is offensive. Some 
breeds of dogs will cry and moan, such as terriers and 
some other small varieties, but the author has found 
that the large breeds, such as St. Bernards, Great 
Danes, Mastiffs, etc., sufifer without making any cries. 

As the disease progresses there is a marked disin- 
clination to take any medicine, a symptom more pro- 
nounced in this affection than in any other that I know 
of. 

In simple colic there is no fever ; in enteritis the tem- 
perature may run up to 104 deg. Fah. 

There is usually great thirst, particularly if there 
are gastric disturbances, that is if the stomach is also 
involved. 

It is a very fatal disease in pups. 

TREATMENT. 

Olive oil should be administered ; I prefer it to cas- 
tor oil. Small doses of calomel. Say, for a Fox Ter- 



rier, one-quarter of a grain every fifteen minutes until 
one grain is taken ; follow it up with a little olive oil. 

To quiet pain, morphine, one-quarter of a grain. If 
not relieved in two hours, administer one-eighth of a 
grain more. Warm appHcations to the abdomen assist 
somewhat in relieving pain ; do not use mustard, it 
only irritates the animal. 

If there is diarrhoea, sulpho-carbolate of zinc in half- 
grain doses four times a day. If the animal will eat, 
give him eggs, freshly-made beef tea or a little scraped 
meat, on which you have put a little pepsin. Ofifer 
him only small quantities at a time. 

Colic and enteritis resemble each other in many of 
their symptoms. 

Inflammation of the bowels may be distinguished 
from colic in being more gradual in its approach. The 
nose is hot and dry, and there is fever and shivering 
and a disposition to lay in a cool place. In colic there 
is no pain on pressure of the abdomen ; in inflamma- 
tion this causes pain. 

It is difficult for the non-professional to make a dif- 
ferential diagnosis, but it will be always safe to com- 
mence with an oleagenous purge, sweet oil or castor 
oil. 

It is an extremely grave disease, and if the readei 
has any suspicions that he h"s a case of inflammation 
of the bowels to deal with I think that he will be well 
advised to call in a competent veterinarian to take 
charge of the case. 



»4 




THE FIVE SENSES— SMELLING. 
25 



WORMS. 

Perhaps there is no disorder the dog is heir to which 
causes so much destruction as worms. I do not think 
it an exaggeration when I say that ninety per cent, of 
ah pups are infested with parasites. There is no dis- 
order which manifests so many symptoms in the dog. 
They may be prominent or obscure. 

The reader will ask, "How can I find out that my 
dog has worms ?" Give him a vermifuge and watch 
him closely. Examine the passages carefully ; if any 
are passed alive they will be easily seen, but if they 
are dead it is not always easy to detect them. 

The most common symptoms denoting worms in 
dogs are bloating (mostly seen in pups), indigestion, 
colic, developing into inflammation of the bowels, dia- 
rhoea, vomiting, a voracious appetite with little bene- 
fit to the animal ; nose hot and dry, a persistent cough, 
which has not yielded to the ordinary remedies ; a 
rough, dry, harsh coat and loss of hair around the eyes ; 
they frequently have a dull, lustreless appearance ; 
pupils somewhat enlarged. 

When they irritate the rectum and anus, the animal 
will drag himself along the floor. 

Fully ninety-five per cent, of the cases of colic in 
pups from six weeks to nine months old are caused by 
worms. 

Worms and distemper kill more young dogs than 
all the other diseases put together. 

The nervous system is sometimes profoundly af- 
fected by these parasites — the reflexes in the dog are 
extremely sensitive, and we sometimes see paralysis, 
chorea and convulsions. 

The paralysis due to this cause is rarely permanent, 
but disappears when the cause is removed. In the 



small varieties of clogs, such as Japs, King Charles 
Spaniels, Toy Terriers, etc., we often have epileptic 
spasms and great excitement. The animal runs 
around the room, tries to climb up the wall, and keeps 
up an incessant barking. If you attempt to handle 
him he will endeavor to bite you. These are the 
symptoms which call forth in your imagination the 
terribly dreaded mad dog. During this stage your 
first duty is to restrain the animal and prevent him 
from striking his head as he ntshes around the room ; 
try and throw a blanket over him and place him as 
soon as possible in a quiet, d?.rk place ; wetting his 
head often does good. 

It is rather dangerous while the excitement is on to 
attempt to give him medicine. But do not fail as soon 
as the attack is over to dose him for worms. 

We must not put absolute dependence in any one 
remedy. 

Before administering your vermifuge, the animal 
should first be fasted ; verv yoimg pups, three hours ; 
one of six months old, six hours ; for older dogs, 
twelve to twenty-four hours. Some vermifuges have 
a purgative effect ; those that do not ought to be fol- 
lowed up with a dose of castor or olive oil. 

Don't use castor oil for very young puppies. 

The worm most commonly found in pups is the 
round worm. It is white, or yellowish white. In 
some instances large masses of these parasites collect 
in a ball and cause very alarming symptoms. 

When in considerable quantities, they may be found 
in the vomited material. 

The name of these worms is ascaris mystax. Worms 
are frequently taken by the pups from the mother. 

I will give an instance : 

27 



J A Japanese Spaniel bitch which I bred and did not 
take the precaution to give vermifuges to before pup- 
ping. I found when the pups were three weeks old 
that she had intestinal parasites. The pups subse- 
quently showed unmistakable evidences of them ; the 
mother would naturally have a little excrementitious 
matter adhering to the long hair, and the young, in 
licking and nosing around her, evidently swallowed 
some of the ova, or eggs. 

So that it is very important in breeding dogs to 
take the precaution to have the bitch free from them, if 
possible. 

The most deadly worm to the dog is the taenia, or 
tape- worm. 

There are four varieties of this worm. 

Taenia-serrata, so called as the edges of the worm 
are serrated, or saw-like. 

Toeni^-marginata. — The segments are nearly 
square. This is the largest of the tape worms. 

Taenia Coenurus. — This loenia is rarely found in the 
dog. 

Taenia Echinococcus. — This taenia is the smallest 
and resembles in shape a cucumber, sometimes called 
toenia cucumerina. It is the most deadly of all the 
taenia. 

There are many taemafuges recommended, but I 
would give preference to the ethereal extract of male 
fern. 

It is best given in the morning on an empty stom- 
ach, from five to thirty drops, according to size and 
age of the dog ; it is well to administer it in a little olive 
oil. 

This dose must be repeated again in a day or two. 

A little animal charcoal on your puppies' food is very 
often a benefit in relieving indigestion, and it also has 



a slight vermifuge action. Dose for pups, one-fourth 
teaspoonful. given for a week. 

Buttermilk has been recommended by some, but the 
author has had no experience with it. I cannot im- 
press upon my readers too strongly the necessity of 
freeing their dogs of worms, when we see the train of 
disorders which follow from the existence of these 
parasites and the fearuful death rate consequent to 
them. 

Prescription for round worms (pups). 

R. — Santorim, grs. iii. 

Olive oil, oz. ss. 

Divide in three doses, one each morning. 

R. — Tape worm (pups). 

Filix mass, gtts xx. 

Olive oil, iii. oz. 

Three doses, one each morning. 

These doses can be doubled for older dogs. 




Abdominal Dmpsy.— Ascites* 



This is a collection of serous liquid in the abdominal 
cavity. 

It is not a disease, per se, but a symptom of some 
other disease. 

The amount of liquid varies considerably. 

The author has removed as much as two and one- 
half quarts from a poodle. 

This fluid is thin and watery, slightly sticky and 
pink in color. 

It is usually consecutive to some disease of the heart 
or liver — seldom in the dog from the kidneys — it may 
also appear from local diseases of the peritoneum. 

It is more often a transudate than inflanmiatory 
exudate in the dog. 

The symptoms are a presence of fluid in the abdomi- 
nal cavity. When the quantity is small it is not easily 
determined. 

When the quantity is considerable, by pressing the 
abdomen with both hands and shaking it while the 
animal is in a standing position the sound of the fluid 
can be easily heard. 

Again, the abdomen sags down, bringing the back 
down slightly, and the flanks have a sunken appear- 
ance. 

As a rule, the prognosis is unfavorable. The au- 
thor had a case which recovered after being tapped 
four times. The animal was four years old, and had 
been up to that time a vigorous, healthy dog. 

The cause was referable to the heart and liver, "car- 
diac cirrhosis." 

With powerful diuretics and liver stimulants he 
made a splendid recovery. 

.■io 



No home treatment should be attempted in this dis- 
ease ; it must be left in the hands of the (jualified veter- 
inarian. — 

Pfolaps of the Rectum. 



This condition is due to a relaxed condition of the 
rectal mucous membrane and excessive straining from 
constipation or diarrhoea. It is more often seen in 
young dogs. 

When the bowel is prolapsed we find vmder the tail 
a sausage-like body protruding from the anus. It is 
congested. The end of this protuberance is slightly 
indented, and the finger can be introduced in this in- 
dentation. 

The first thing to do is to try and return the bowel 
by using gentle pressure ; elevate the hind quarters 
slightly when so doing. 

If the protrusion is much swollen, bathe with cold 
water. 

The animal must be kept quiet, and if the trouble is 
caused from diarrhoea give opium, and if from consti- 
pation give a saline purge. This disease must not be 
mistaken for piles. 



PILES. 

This disease is usually seen in old dogs. The anus 
has a swollen, congested appearance ; it may be very 
sensitive, or it may be comparatively free from pain. 

Sometimes there is a little bleeding, and the mucous 
membrane is slightly protruded. 

This disease is seen more in pugs ; at least, that has 
been my experience. 

This disease may be due to biliousness, an inactive 
liver, and to habitual constipation and overfeeding. 



The treatment is to give a mild saline laxative ; do 
not purge. Bathe with cold water, or a wash made of 
thirty grains tannic acid to the ounce of water, or to 
smear the p"rts with an ointment made of vaseline, 
tannic acid r.nd opium. 



Chronic Irritable Cough* 

Chronic laryngitis results generally from an acute 
attack. It comes on gradually. The larnyx, or upper 
portion of the windpipe, is slightly sensitive to pres- 
sure. 

The cough is dry and hoarse ; it is quite loud and 
accompanied with a wheezing sound. It is always 
worse at night, the animal, when laying still, is usually 
easy, but any quick exertion excites a fit of coughing. 

As soon as his master comes in, the excitement and 
exertion which he takes is always productive of a vio- 
lent fit of coughing, sometimes resembling the whoop- 
mg cough of children. As a rule, treatment is very 
unsatisfactory, but it will depend on the age of the 
dog, young animals having a much greater chance of 
recovery. 

Inhalations are rather hard to administer to the dog, 
the only way this can be accomplished is to put him in 
a box and place the medication in, compelling him to 
breathe it. The vapor of tar and salt, put in the hot 
water, are useful. 

Among the drugs used are morphine, particularly at 
night, when the coughing is apt to prevent you from 
sleeping. It may be given in quarter grain doses. 
Syrup hydriodic acid in doses of five drops, diluted 
with water. External counter irritation with mustard 
or painting the throat with tincture of iodine. 




PNEUMONIA. 

This is an inflammation of the lung tissue, with an 
exudation into the air cells, which become filled with 
this exuded matter, to the exclusion of air. The af- 
fected portion has the appearance of liver. 

Pneumonia may affect a portion of a lung, or one 
entire lung, or both. When both lungs are afifected — 
a so-called bi-lateral pneumonia — it becomes very 
grave. 

If the progress of the disease is favorable, the exu- 
date is removed by absorption and the diseased lung 
returns to its normal condition. 

While exposure to cold is an evident cause of pneu- 
monia, the pneumonic process, as we see it, from the 
moment of invasion to the crisis, implies infection by 
the agency of a microbe called the pneumococcus. 

33 



The invasion o{ the disease is often abrupt; it is 
usually ushered in with a chill. The animal shivers 
and seeks warmth. The eyes are usually red and the 
nose hot and dry ; but this is not a constant symptom. 

The respirations are accelerated. The cough, which 
usually accompanies the disease, is short and sup- 
pressed. As the disease progresses, we find a rusty- 
looking discharge from the nostrils. 

When one lung is affected the animal will lie down, 
but when both are involved he usually assumes the 
sitting posture, and the corners of the mouth go out 
and in with each expiration and inspiration. 

By placing the fingers over the lungs, and then with 
the fingers of the other hand striking them (percus- 
sion) you will get a dull sound, as of something solid 
underneath. 

If you place your ear close to his nose you will 
hear a snoring sound. 

The temperature often goes up to 104 or 105 deg. 
Fah. 

The course of the disease usually runs about three 
weeks. 

TREATMENT. 

Make a jacket to fit snugly around the animal of 
some woolen goods ; rub on some mustard to the sides. 
If the mustard worries the patient too much, use the 
jacket only, with some cotton batten underneath. 

Commence by giving small doses of calomel ; say, 
one-eighth of a grain every fifteen minutes until one 
grain is taken. 

Strychnine in doses of one-sixtieth of a grain three 
times a day. For the fever, acetanilid in doses of 
three grains ; and for a stimulant, whisky, a teaspoon- 
ful diluted six times, three times a dav. 



If the cough is distressing, you will have to give 
morphine, one-eighth to one-quarter of a grain. 

The patient must have small and often repeated 
quantities of raw chopped meat and all the milk he 
wants. 

If his nose is dry and cracked, keep it well greased 
with vaseline. 

I do not advise inhalations, as the struggling of the 
animal in attempting to give them does more harm 
than good. 

Care must be taken that the animal does not get in 
draughts or allowed to go out in the cold. 

Pneumonia is a very serious disease and is often 
fatal. 

This is a disease which had better be left to the 
qualified veterinarian. 



DISTEMPER. 

This is an acute, specific, infectious and contagious 
disease, characterized by febrile symptoms, which are 
generally followed in a few days by a discharge from 
the eyes and nostrils. 

When and how this disease first originated is not 
known. It is supposed to arise only from contagion. 

It was first seen in England in 1763. Of all the dis- 
eases which the dog is heir to, distemper is the most 
dreaded, it being extremely fatal, particularly in young 
dogs ; the average mortality being about 60 per cent. 

It is far more prevalent in large kennels than in 
cities. A dog once afifected enjoys immunity from 
further attacks, as a rule. 

Distemper is a disease peculiar to young dogs, as 
measles and scarlatina are to children; but old dogs 

35 



are by ilo means exempt from it. Youngf animals are 
more susceptible than adults to most infectious dis- 
eases. 

It has been asserted that a dog must contract the 
disease. This assertion has not been proven. In 
infectious diseases the food supplied by the body in 
the blood and tissues must be suitable to germ life 
or to a given germ's peculiar disease-producing 
power or there is no disease. Let us picture the de- 
velopment of distemper in dogs. 

The disease germ reaches the mucous membrane 
of the respiratory tract by the usual modes of infec- 
tion, attach themselves and multiply. This stage is 
symptomless. 

The local inflammatory processes produced by the 
microbes, that is, the typical symptoms, may come 
to the front, as coryza, sneezing, cough ; or the symp- 
toms of the toxic action of the microbes, may pre- 
dominate, as great muscular weakness and general 
prostration, with nervous excitement. 

Symptoms — 

Dullness, loss of spirits, impaired appetite, shiver- 
ing and feverishness, sneezing, sometimes cough, run- 
ning at the eyes and dread of light; later on a thick 
yellow discharge from the eyes and nostrils, the ani- 
mal seeks warmth, a disinclination to move about. As 
the disease progresses, we see small red spots on the 
inside of the thighs and belly, which become later on 
filled with pus. They are the size of a small pea, 
finally dry up and form scabs. 

The discharge from the nostrils has a sickening 
odor, in fact, the peculiar odor which a distemper dog 
has is of great diagnostic value. There is no visible 
increase in the respirations. 

36 



1. Symptoms in the digestive tract: There is vomit- 
ing of thin hquid, sometimes bile ; the discharge from 
the bowels are very offensive and are occasionally 
streaked v^-ith blood and accompanied with straining ; 
the abdomen is sometimes painful on pressure and is 
contracted. 

2. Symptoms in the eyes : There is more or less a 
purulent discharge, which crusts on the borders of 
the eyelids, frequently gluing them together. This 
secretion is apt to complicate matters, causing a 
keratitis or inflammation of the cornea, which may de- 
velop into an ulcer and destroy the eye. 

3. Symptoms of the respiratory apparatus : There 
is generally a catarrhal inflammation of the upper air 
passages. 

The first symptom is catarrh of the nostrils, which 
is indicated by sneezing and the animal rubbing his 
nose with his front paws. This discharge increases 
as the disease advances ; it is sometimes bloody and 
more or less purulent, with a fetid odor. 

In all cases there is a catarrh of the larynx and 
bronchi. 

This is accompanied by a loud, hoarse cough, which 
is distressing, particularly at night. As the inflam- 
matory process reaches the bronchi the breathing be- 
comes qvtickened, and if it reaches the l^roncheoles 
pneumonia is the result. 

4. Symptoms of the digestive tract : There is catarrh 
of the stomach, with vomiting and entire loss of ap- 
petite. 

The discharges from the bowels are thin and very 
foul smelling, occasionally tinged with blood. 

5. Symptoms of the nervous system : When these 
symptoms appear early in the attack the case is usually 



hopeless. The animal may be dull, noticing very lit- 
tle, or there may be great excitement, nervousness, 
great restlessness, and even delirium (howling). Motor 
disturbances, such as twitching of the muscles, are 
noticed, and in some cases, convulsions, or fits. 

Champing of the jaws are sometimes seen, with foam 
or saliva on the lips. 

Unsteadiness in gait, and loss of power behind 
(paralysis). The bladder and bowels lose their con- 
trol and the urine and faeces are evacuated involun- 
tarily. 

The nervous symptoms usually come to the front 
when the animal is weak, and poorly fed, during den- 
tition, and when the sexual changes are taking place 
and the nervous system previously affected by worms. 
The foregoing symptoms will show how completely 
the whole body is affected in this disease. The small 
Spaniel class succumb very quickly to this disease ; the 
Terriers stand it better. We sometimes have distem- 
per with a mild termination. The most distressing 
sequel to distemper in Chorea. The death rate in 
cities is about 60 per cent. 

TREATMENT. 

There is no specific treatment for distemper ; that is, 
there is no drug which can destroy the micro-organ- 
isms in this disease. 

Having satisfied yourself that you have a case of 
distemper to deal with, commence by giving small re- 
peated doses of calomel, say for a Fox Terrier one- 
eighth grain every fifteen minutes until he has taken 
one grain. Follow with a little magnesia ; for the 
fever, acetanilid, in two grain doses, four times a day. 
Strychnine tablets, one-sixtieth grain, three times a 
day, to restrain cardiac and respiratory enervation. 

38 




THE FIVE SENSES— HEARING. 
39 



(This dose of strychnine for adult dog of Terrier 
size.) Salicylate of soda, two grains, three to four 
times a day. 

If there is diarrhoea, sulpho-carbolate of zinc, one 
grain three or four times a day. It will be a good 
plan to give this drug even if there is no diarrhoea, 
but in smaller doses, say half grain two or three times 
a day. For nervous excitement give morphine, one- 
fourth grain, or bromide of soda in fifteen-grain doses. 
Keep the eyes and nostrils clean with a solution of 
boric acid. 

Crive the animal a warm place ; do not let him get 
wet and feed with beef tea, milk, peptonized puppy 
food, and in some cases you may have to give raw 
meat, cut up fine; this is when there is great emacia- 
tion and a disinclination for anything else. The anti- 
septic line of treatment seems the most rational in 
this disease ; therefore, the calomel and sulpho-carbo- 
late of zinc are two important drugs. Creosote is 
another useful drug in this disease, given in tablet 
form, each tablet containing one-half minim. 

During convalescence give a tonic of strychnine, 
iron and quinine, a tablet containhig the following 
twice a day : 

R. Reduced iron, gr T. 

Strych. sulph., gr 1-60. 
Ouinine, gr. i. 




LARYNGITIS. 

This is a catarrh of the larynx or upper portion of 
the windpipe. 

The symptoms are a hoarse barking cough — shght 
pressure on the larynx will cause the animal to cough ; 
running and excitement will bring on a fit of cough- 
ing; we may sometimes hear a wheezing and rattling 
sound. The animal is slightly depressed and eats 
slowly ; laryngitis is always accompanied by a certain 
amount of pharyngitis or sore throat. The majority 
of cases respond readily to treatment, but a few will 
become chronic. 



TREATMENT. 

Keep the animal from draughts ; apply counter-irri- 
tation to the throat, ammonia liniment or mustard. 
Codeine in one-quarter grain doses three times a day. 



BRONCHITIS. 

This is a catarrh of the bronchial tubes, caused by 
cold. We see it often in dogs which lie near the 
stove and get very warm and then go out into the cold 
air; it is often seen as a complication of distemper. 
In old chronic cases there is a thickening of the tubes. 

Symptoms — Chills, indifiference, fever and cough are 
the chief symptoms. Pressure on the chest will im- 
mediately cause a fit of coughing. The cough is weak 
and the expectoration frothy ; the eyes are red, nose 
hot and dry, indicating fever. 

The cheeks are inflated with each inspiration. If 
the inflammation extends to the bronchioles (capillary 
bronchitis) it is very serious. 

TREATMENT. 

Keep the animal in a warm place free from draughts. 
In the early stages mild expectorants as wild cherry 
or tolu ; for the fever, acetanilid, in 3-grain doses twice 
a day. 

For the cough the following prescription may prove 
serviceable : 

R Codienoe gr. iv. 

Ac. hydrocyan. dil 9 ii- 

Am. Chlorid 9 ii. 

Syr. Pruni Virg. ad § ii. 

Teaspoonful every three or four hours. 
42 




■■»^, 



w 



■\, 



x>?i^ 



rx 



^N> 



ASTHMA. 

This disease is mostly seen in old dogs. It is a se- 
quel to acute bronchitis, but it may appear independ- 
ently of the acute stage. 

Symptoms — Difficult respiration, which is increased 
by exercise or excitement, and is accompanied by a se- 
vere attack of coughing and sometimes symptoms of 
choking. 

The cough is moist and rattling and the breath is 
sometimes fetid. 

The cough is always worse at night ; but in the 
daytime, when the animal is still, it is usually free from 
paroxysms of coughing. 



Inhalations of medicated vapors are sometimes use- 
ful, as turpentine or tar. Bromide of arsenic, i-ioo, 
three times a day. Morphia hydrochlorate at night, 
dose, one-quarter grain. Nitroglycerin, i-ioo grain, 
when there are symptoms of choking. Keep the 
bowels regular. 

The prognosis in old dogs is unfavorable. 



Epileptic Fits, or Epileptiform Gjnvwisions. 

These are chiefly due to reflex irritation. They 
occur mostly in young animals. In acute attacks the 
symptoms begin suddenly, or they may start with 
slight premonitory symptoms. 

The animal looks around in a staring way, then 
starts to run, howling or barking, trying to climb up 
the wall, or get into a corner ; or he may fall into con- 
vulsions. The muscles of mastication are especially 
affected ; the saliva which lies in the mouth is turned 
into foam ; he lies on his side and the muscles of the 
neck are drawn sideways or backwards. After a few 
minutes the twitchings stop, the animal lies on the 
ground for some time, finally gets up, looks around 
in a bewildered way, and staggers to a corner.. 

The duration of these attacks varies, some lasting 
only a few minutes, but severe attacks may last one or 
two hours, and recurring again after a short time. The 
slightest excitement will renew the attacks. 

When one fit succeeds another in rapid succession 
the prognosis is unfavorable. 

Sometimes after the convulsions are over the animal 
remains in a delirious condition for som? time, moan- 
ing or crying. 



He does not seem to recognize his master's voice ; 
the pupils are somewhat enlarged, and his gums have 
a somewhat whiter look than usual. 

The causes are worms, dentition, constipation, sud- 
den fear, excitement, indigestion. These fits are some- 
times seen in distemper, a symptom which indicates 
a grave prognosis. 

TREATMENT. 

If possible, promptly restrain the animal ; apply cold 
water to the head by holding him under the faucet ; 
wrap his body up with some warm material and place 
him in a quiet, dark place. Morphine, in doses suf- 
ficiently large to quiet all excitement, or perhaps bet- 
ter, morphine and atropine, say of the former one-quar- 
ter grain, the latter 1-200; glonin in i-ioo grain doses 
is also useful. It is well to move the bowels as soon 
as possible with calomel. The diet must be light and 
unstimulating for a few days, and the animal kept as 
quiet as possible. In the after treatment it is our 
duty to seek for and remove the cause. 

If from worms, the speedier they are removed the 
better. The two causes most frequently met with are 
intestinal obstruction and worms. 



Inflammation of the Brain. 

Inflammation of the brain is primarily a result of 
some traumatism, as blows on the head, sunstroke and 
overexertion. 

The inflammation may afifect the brain substance or 
the covering of the brain (pachymeningitis). 

Symptoms. — The animal is excited, he runs aim- 
lessly about and is fretful and irritable. He whines 

45 



and howls constantly. The head is hot, the eyes red 
and pupils contracted, the appetite is lost, and we may 
have diarrhoea or constipation and vomiting. 

As the disease progresses he becomes apathetic and 
sleepy. In this condition he may continue until he 
dies, or he may have acute convulsions. 

There is a tendency to walk in a circle and the front 
legs are lifted rather higher than usual. In the pe- 
riods of quietness we may observe automatic move- 
ments of the legs and twitching of the lips. The tem- 
perature is little altered. The breathing is rattling and 
stertorous. Toward the end there is paralysis, partial 
or general. 

Another pronounced symptom is the appearance of 
blindness, the animal not seeming to avoid obstacles. 
but when the hand is brought near to the eyes he will 
wink. The peculiar symptom of walking around in 
a circle and unsteadiness of gait is when the cerebellum 
or posterior portion of the brain is affected. 

The author has just treated a cat with the cerebel- 
lum affected. Hyociamine was prescribed with good 
results ; counter-irritation was also used at the back of 
the neck. 

Spinal Meningfitis. 

The cause of this disease may be traced to injuries 
to the spine, violent blows, shocks, falls from windows, 
etc. 

Occasionally we see this symptom in distemper. 

The symptoms appear slowly or quickly, according 
to the irritation present. If the spinal cord is much 
involved by the exudation, we find complete paralysis, 
posterior to that portion of the spine affected. 

Symptoms. — The patient is heavy and dull, with a 
staggering gait, finally dragging his hind legs. When 

46 



placed upon their legs they drop sideways on their 
hind quarters. If the parrdysis is complete, we must 
look for the injury in the cervical region (or region of 
the neck). If a pin be used to the paralyzed mem- 
bers there is usually no sensitiveness. Coldness is 
another symptom. There is often complete paralysis 
or loss of power to control the urine, and there is a 
difficulty in the passage of faecal matter. The paralyzed 
members become atrophied from want of use. 

Consciousness is not at all impaired, and the appe- 
tite remains fairly good. 

The prognosis is usually unfavorable, and when re- 
covery does take place it is veiy slow. 

Treatment consists in counter-irritation to the spine 
as biniodide of mercury or mustard oil, and strychnine 
in increasing doses, commencing with 1-50 grain three 
times a day, incrc sed gradually to 1-30. Iodide of 
potash may be used in conjunction with the strych- 
nine. Electricity may be tried. 




CHOREA. 

(ST. Virus's DANCE.) 

This disease is often seen as a sequel to distemper. 
It is a persistent clonic convulsion of some group of 
muscles, mostly seen in the anterior extremities and 
head. These twitchings are regular and rhythmical, as 
an automatic opening and closing of the mouth or 
contractions of the ears, an undulating motion of the 
body, sometimes a lateral motion ; one or both legs 
may be affected, or all four extremities. 

The choreic movements lessen during sleep, but do 
not entirely cease. 

Sensitiveness : nd consciousness are not disturbed in 
the least. 

The appetite is usually good and the animal appears 
happy. 

But the sight of a dog so aflV.cted to most people is 
painful. 

When a small group of muscles are affected there is 
a possibility of the disease disappearing, but when 
large groups are involved and it appears in both legs, 
with an undulating motion of the body (a bilateral 
chorea), the case is hopeless. 

The author has tried the various drugs recom- 
mended, but with little or no success. 

A tonic of strychnine, iron and arsenic, with a liberal 
diet and rest, may somewhat mitigate the symptoms. 

The drugs which have been tried are : Oxide of 
zinc, ^ gr. four times a day ; macrotin, | gr. three 
times a day; zinc valerianate, | gr. three times a day; 
fluid extract gelsemium, three drops three times a day: 
Fowler's solution arsenic, three to five drops three 
times a day, gradually increasing the dose to ten drops 
three times a day. Arsenic must be used with great 
caution. 

^8 



PARALYSIS. 

Paralysis may be general, or partial, as paraplegia 
(half of the body), usually the hind extremities. Paraly- 
sis from an injury is generally posterior to that portion 
of the spinal cord which is injured. A paralysis known 
as reflex paralysis, not due to injury of the cord or 
brain, may arise from constipation, distended bladder, 
worms, old age and debility. Paralysis of the lower 
jaw, considered by some as a sign of rabies, is some- 
times seen. It may be due to injuries to the head, in 
which the trifacial nerve is the seat of injury. This 
nerve supplies the lower jaw with motion. 

I do not consider this symptom especially one of 
rabies. All the cases which I have seen were due to 
some traumatism ; the animals were certainly not af- 
fected with rabies. 

Paralyzed muscles always atrophy or diminish in 
size ; there is frequently anaesthesia, or want of sensa- 
tion, and coldness. 

Ataxia, or a want of co-ordination, may be classed 
as a paralysis. 

The animal is unsteady in gait, staggers from one 
side to another, and walking is irregular. The portion 
of the brain affected which causes these symptoms is 
the cerebellum. Ataxia occurs very often as a result 
of distemper. When the paralysis is due to reflex irri- 
tation, the cause being removed, the patient very often 
gets well. 

I will cite one remarkable case : 

A Bull Terrier about four years old was paralyzed 
in the posterior extremities ; the paralvsis gradually 
extended until the whole body was affected. The cause 
was sought for and found in the rectum, which was 



firmly impacted with straw. The only way to account 
for the animal getting straw into his intestines was 
that the owner was in the habit of throwing bones into 
his kennel, which had straw, and the animal grad- 
ually took small quantities of it until a mass sufficiently 
large had accumulated to cause obstruction. 

With injections of warm water and a pair of forceps 
I was able to remove the mass. 

The paralysis was now general ; he lay on his side, 
perfectly helpless ; sensation was absent in the pos- 
terior extremities as far as the hocks. Appetite was 
good and he was apparently free from pain. 

The treatment consisted in the administration of 
tincture of nux vomica, commencing with three-drop 
doses three times a day until doses of ten drops three 
times a day were reached. The Faradic battery was 
used once a day and the bowels kept open witii fluid 
extract cascara sagrada. 

Recovery was complete in four weeks from the time 
I first saw him. 

In a one-sided paralysis (hemiplegia) the injury is 
always on the opposite side to the seat of injury. This 
paralysis is very uncommon in dogs, as it is due to 
some lesion within the cavity of the cranium ; but 
when this paralysis is due to a lesion of the sp'nal cord 
the paralysis of motion is on the same side of the body 
and that of sensibility on the other side. 

It is easy to see how paralysis of the lower jaw and 
tongue from an injury to the head can take place, as the 
trifacial nerve sends a branch which supplies the most 
powerful muscles of mastication, the temporal and 
masseter, and the nerve known as the hypoglossal sup- 
plies the tongue with energy. The tongue, lips and 
larynx may be afTected ; swallowing may be also im- 

50 



paired. These are the so-called cases of dumb rabies 
which are conjured up in the imagination of the timid 
owner and ignorant veterinarian. The voice of the 
dog is impaired from debility of the laryngeal muscles, 
and in advanced cases no vocal sound can be pro- 
duced, hence the symptom which influences the minds 
of the credulous, "The animal is dumb !" 

I will make a few remarks on the subject of rabies 
in another chapter. 




Inflammation of the Liver, 

(HEPATITIS.) 

This disease appears in two forms, acute and 
chronic. 

Acute inflammation of the liver accompanies vari- 
ous infectious diseases ; in distemper this organ is often 
involved. 

The symptoms are catarrh of the stomach, pain on 
pressure in the region of the liver, which lies on the 
right side, and jaundice, the mucous membranes of the 
eyes and mouth being colored yellow. 

We often have the chronic stage accompanying 
valvular disease of the heart. 

The disease generally starts without any visible 
symptoms. 

It is more often seen in old dogs which have been 
pampered. 

When the disease becomes pretty well advanced we 
find evidences of an interference in the portal circula- 
tion by the appearance of dropsy and chronic catarrh 
of the stomach. 

When we get a yellow coloration of the eyes and 
mouth it is due to interference in the passage of bile 
from the gall-bladder. The disease is very slow, but 
ends fatally, and when dropsy of the abdomen and 
legs appears the end is not far otY. The treatment 
consists in opening the bowels with a saline purga- 
tive and vegetable diet. 

Hyosciamine, 1-150 gr. three or four times a day. 
Succinate of soda, 2 to 5 grs. three times a day, and 
slight counter-irritation to the right side. 

I wnll also mention that kicks on the side may bring 
on an inflammation of the liver. We also see these 
symptoms in acute phosphorus poisoning. 



Diseases of the Heart, 

(Valvular.) 

Valvular defects appear in two forms — when the 
valves close imperfectly and when tlie openings ap- 
pear contracted. Imperfect closing of one valve causes 
a certain amount of blood to ilow back from that por- 
tion of the heart from which it has just come. 

In any of these conditions we have imperfect heart 
action, and as a consequence of impaired flow the 
heart is worked much harder and becomes hypertro- 
phied, or enlarged. 

The heart is divided into four compartments — two 
above called the auricles and two below called the 
ventricles. 

The blood is brought to the right side of the heart 
by the large veins ; it then passes up to the lungs 
through the pulmonary artery, receives a fresh supply 
of oxygen and is returned to the left side by the pul- 
monary veins and is pumped out again by the left side 
through the large arteries, called the aorta, for gen- 
eral distribution throughout the smaller arteries to the 
most remote, as well as the nearest, parts, from which 
it gathered it up. 

The dog has normally an irregular heart action. 
The average pulse is about 90 to 100 beats per minute 
(adult), no to 120 (youth), and 60 to 70 (old age). 

The symptoms of valvular heart trouble are some- 
what obscure in the dog. 

Increase in pulse, shortness of breath and, later on, 
dropsy. 

Valvular heart disease must be considered incur- 
able, but a dog may live a long time and show very 
little symptoms of discomfort under ordinary circum- 
stances. 

53 



As the heart beg-ins to weaken and wc sec dif- 
ficulty in breathing, with palpitation, such heart tonics 
as digitalis, strophanthus and caffeine may be given. 
Avoid excitement and over-exertion. Give nutri- 
tive, easily digested food, and in small quantities. 



Stone in the Bladder. 

It is not as common to find stone in the bladder as 
it is to find calculi, or gravel, in the urethra, which 
have pissed down and lodged in the constricture of 
the urethra just posterior to the penial bone. 

A dog may have stone in the bladder for a long 
time and not produce any severe symptoms, the only 
indication we may have being difficulty in urinating, 
with a passage of a little blood after the animal has 
had a long run. But w'hen the stone or stones come 
down into the urethra and accumulate there we may 
have an entire suppression of urine, or it may be 
voided drop by drop. 

The animal is very restless, carries his tail down or 
slightly bent ; there is straining ; he does not cry, as a 
rule, but grunts when endeavoring to pass his urine. 

The appetite is lost, the back is arched and the ab- 
domen has a tense feel. 

The bladder can easily be felt through the ab- 
dominal wall. By pressing with the first finger and 
thumb, we can distinctly feel a hard, rounded body, 
which is painful to touch. 

As the treatment is a surgical one. it must be left 
to the qualified veterinarian. 

Meat should be given very sparingly. 

Open the bowels with a saline purgative— acetate of 
potash— in doses of 5 grs. to to grs., or Lithia tablets 
dissolved in the drinking water. 

54 




THE FIVE SENSES — SEEING, 
55 



When there is complete suppression of urine, the 
bladder may burst in about two days ; when this oc- 
curs, the animal becomes dull, with tremors of the 
muscles, the restlessness and pain subside, the ex- 
tremities are cold. 

Soon a deep coma sets in, from which the animal 
cannot be roused, and dies in a short time. 

Death may occur before the bladder is ruptured, 
from gangrene of that organ. 



OBSTETRICS. 



The period of conception varies from 58 to 63 days. 

When parturition is about to take place the bitch 
usually seeks a quiet and secluded place for her whelp- 
ing. 

The period of whelping may last from two to eight 
hours, sometimes lasting twenty-four hours. The in- 
dications are restlessness, going in dark corners and 
scratching as if to make a bed. The movements of 
the pups may be felt for several days before parturi- 
tion. 

The placenta, or coverings of the pups, are usually 
eaten by the mother, and the umbilical cord, or navel 
string, is bitten off by her. In some of the small breeds 
with weak jaws, this proceeding is accomplished with 
great danger to the young. I would, therefore, advise 
the owner to assist her in this operation by cutting it 
off with a pair of scissors. 

The chief danger in parturition in the bitch is a large 
foetus, or irregular presentation. 

Retention of the placenta is very rare. 

When this occurs the symptoms are great depres- 
sion, loss of appetite, pain on pressure on the abdo- 

56 



men, suppression of milk and inattention to her pups ; 
the temperature is increased, and the pulse quick and a 
foul-smelling discharge from the vulva. 

Pups are usually weaned when they are about six 
weeks old. 

Remember that fully 90 per cent, of pups have 
worms. So take them in time. 



OBESITY. 



An inordinately fat dog is a diseased dog. Their 
condition is due to absorption of large quantities of 
hydrate of carbon and a lack of exercise. It is some- 
times hereditary, as in human beings. This disease. 
I am sorry to say, is very common in pet dogs. Due 
to what ? Too much petting of an over-indulgent mis- 
tress or master. 

An obese dog is lazy, dull and awkward and avoids 
exercise ; he pants and blows with the slightest ex- 
ertion ; the coat loses its gloss, and the whole symme- 
try of the animal is destroved. 

The most common location of fat is the abdomen. 
Many of the internal organs are covered with fat, es- 
pecially the heart. When there is a large accumula- 
tion of fat in the chest and around the heart we have 
this organ weakened and dif^culty in respiration re- 
sults. 

The treatment must be regular exercise, as it de- 
stroys the use of fat in the body ; it also strengthens the 
heart and the circulation is improved. 

The bowels must be kept open with a saline aperient 
which will carry off a certain amount of fluid from the 
b'Ody. Sulphate of soda, half to one teaspoonful, dis- 
solved in wMrm water. 

The quantity of food must be decreased. 



Muscular Rheumatisfii* 



This disease is more often seen in old dogs. Ther^ 
is little or no fever ; sometimes there is great sensi- 
tiveness on pressure, varying according to the in- 
tensity of the attack. 

The animal has a dra\vn-up look. The muscles of 
the abdomen are hard and tense ; they move around in 
a stiff, awkward way, and will occasionally cry when 
made to move quickly, or when touched or lifted in 
certain parts of the body. 

When compelled to rise, they do so very slowly, and 
will remain in a sitting position a little time before they 
get on all four legs. 

The bowels are often constipated, and the animal 
makes little efifort to empty them, from the pain which 
it produces. 

Certain parts of the body are affected more than 
others, but the disease is often.er seen in the hind quar- 
ters and loins. 

The muscles of the neck are sometimes the seat of 
this disease. The animal carries his head in a stiff 
way. and is disinclined to take anything that he has to 
reach down for. 

If the head is bent, great pain is manifested. 

O^he disease may be acute or chronic, and one at- 
tack predisposes to future ones. 

The disease sometimes runs a short course. I will 
mention a case of a certain well known St. Bernard, 
I'ow dead. 

Just one week before the Metropolitan Kennel Club 
show in Brooklyn this dog was found in his kennel 
unable to rise. Great pain was manifested when 
touched or the loins or hind quarters; his appe<^'te 

58 



was lost and there was slight fever. When made to 
stand he would cry out, and would first assume the 
sitting posture, and slowly get up. uttering cries all 
the time. His back was arched and he moved in an 
awkward, stiff way. 

In seven days 
he went into the 
show apparently 
as well as ever 
and took first 
special prize. 
The treatment 
consisted in fif- 
teen grain doses 
of salicylate of 
soda three timies 
a day ; gentle 
massage to the af- 
fected muscles, 
and the use of 
stimulating lini- 
ments. The sali- 
cylate of soda 
treatment w a s 
alternated with 
iodide of potash 

in ten grain doses three times a day. The bowels 
were kept open with a saline purgative. 

The causes of this disease are exposure to cold, 
lying in damp places and going out in the rain after 
being in a warm house. 

It very seldom ends fatallv. 




Fractotes of the Bones. 



The symptoms of fracture are complete loss of the 
use of the affected limb ; great pain on pressure at 
seat of fracture; deformity of the leg, and in moving 
the fractured ends a grating sound is heard (crepita- 
tion). 

A bone may be fractured longitudinally, in which 
case the ends of the bones are not displaced. 

A fracture may be simple or compound. Fractures 
of the thigh bones are more difficult to treat than 
fractures of the front legs, from the fact that it is dif- 
iicult to apply your splints and bandages. A fracture 
should be treated as soon as possible. When the bones 
are placed in position a bandage must be applied, to 
hold them. Great care must be taken in bandaging. 

It would be well to leave this operation to the quali- 
fied veterinarian. 



Wounds and their Treatment. 

Wounds are divided into punctured, incised and 
lacerated. 

All wounds are accompanied with pain and hemor- 
rhage. The danger from the bleeding of a wound 
will depend on the size of the artery or arteries in- 
jured. 

In small arteries the bleeding usually stops without 
any interference, but in the case of large arteries the 
animal will bleed to death unless surgical interference 
stops it. 

There is more bleeding from incised wounds than 
there is from punctured or lacerated. 

60 



The appearance of an animal when there is great 
loss of blood is coldness of the body, paleness of the 
visible mucous membranes (the mouth and eyes), great 
prostration, staggering gait, dilation of the pupils. 
Death takes place if half the blood in the body is lost. 

A clot, or thrombus, is formed when an artery is 
tied. When bleeding stops without interference, this 
condition takes place at the end of the artery, the inner 
coats curling up and a clot forming which effectually 
closes the bleeding end. 

The healing of a wound will depend largely on its 
form, condition and location. 

In extensive wounds, we see many of the symptoms 
which are known in man as shock. 

The visible mucous membranes become pale, the 
skin is cold and the pupils are dilated. Respiration is 
weak and irregular. 

Wounds heal by temporary union and by suppura- 
tion. No wound can heal by first intention or tem- 
porary union in the dog where he can lick it. 

We frequently have as the result of bites a condition 
known as phlegmone. It is an inflammation of the 
soft tissues which have a tendency to pus formation. 
It may be circumscribed or diffused. 

The symptoms are a circumscribed or diffused 
swelling, which is hot and painful to touch, firm and 
tense in the early stages, but becoming later on soft 
and doughy, 

No time should be lost in making a free incision and 
evacuating the pus. If allowed to remain, the pus 
may extend in all directions in the loose connective 
tissue, causing extensive necrosis, and death may oc- 
cur from septicaemia. 

6j 



When an abcess is opened and the pus evacuated, 
care must be taken that the wound does not close too 
quickly. The parts should be irrigated with a 2 per 
cent, solution of creolin once or twice a day. 

From the halnt of dogs of licking their wounds, 
great care must be taken in the selection of an antisep- 
tic dressing. 

It is well in all cases where a bandage can be used 
that one be applied, but great care must be taken in 
?pplying it about the extremities for fear of swellmg. 
Commence from the toes and bandage up. 

It will sometimes be necessary to muzzle a dog to 
prevent him from tearing off the dressings. In some 
cases a little mustard or aloes rubbed on the bandage 
will prevent him from interfering with it. Iodoform 
and corrosive sublimate dressings are very dangerous 
and should be used with the greatest caution. They 
are both very poisonous if licked by the patient. 

Boric acid makes a very good dressing powder. 

In the treatment of contusions, cooling applications 
of arnica and water or lotion of lead and opium are 
useful. It is a mistake to think that a dog heals a 
wound by licking it; it cleanses it, but at the same time 
the constant licking acts as a poultice and the wound 
is kept open. 



WARTS. 



Warts are oftener found on old dogs than on young. 

The eyelids, ears, mouth and lips are the situations 
most favorable to their growth. They vary in 'size 
from a lentil to a pea. They are not tender to touch, 
but are made to bleed very easily. 

The treatment consists in removal with a pair of 



scissors or knife and touching the spot with caustic 
or an ointment made of sahcyhc acid, one part to two 
of glycerine. 



ECZEMA. 

Ec;!:ema is an affection of the skin of mternal origin, 
sometimes made manifest through the influence of ex- 
ternal cause and characterized by the presence of vesi- 
cles, pustules, papules, etc. The varieties of eczema 
dependent on the primitive lesions are the erythema- 
tous, vesicular, pustular and papular. 

The disease may be acute, sub-acute or chronic. 

Location influences the appearances presented by 
eczematous lesions, and I doubt not that color and 
breed are potent factors. 

An acute eczema usually commences with a local 
congestion, followed by vesicles and pustules. If the 
lesion is vesicular, the congested surface is seen cov- 
ered with a mass of minute but closely aggregated 
vesicles filled with serum. 

Rubbing, scratching or other violence from without 
or the pressure of the exudate from within soon rup- 
tures the thin layer of the skin and in a short while the 
vesicles are obliterated and instead a raw and ex- 
posed surface covered with exudation is seen; the 
watery portion of the exudation evaporates and a yel- 
lowish crust forms and mats the hair. 

It is true that very little is absolutely known as to 
the cause of eczema, but sufficient facts have been ob- 
served in connection with the development of the dis- 
ease to warrant certain inductions that in practice yield 
very satisfactory results. 

63 



In my experience the factors may be said mainly to 
be constitutional causes, hereditary and otherwise, and 
external inlluences. 

In the summer time, when vermin are most trouble- 
some, the conditions being favorable, scratching brings 
the disease sooner to those portions of the body most 
easily reached by the nails of the dog. 

In many disorders of the skin, one of the most dif- 
ficult symptoms we have to deal with is the sensation of 
itching, and could we cure this the disease itself would 
ofttimes disappear. 

Eczema is a disease which arises as a consequence 
of certain derangements or peculiarities of internal ori- 
gin, and often, perhaps, brought to the surface through 
some source of external irritation. 

In other words, two classes of causes, predisposing 
and exciting, are necessary for the production of the 
eruption in a majority of cases. 

No form of external irritation known to me is capa- 
ble of exciting true eczema in a perfectly healthy dog. 
A hyperamic condition of the skin known as erythe- 
ma is often confounded with eczema. 

Dog doctors and advertising quacks, of which there 
are many, dupe the credulous dog owner with nos- 
trums, declaring that the dog has mange. There are 
two kinds of mange, follicular and sarcoptic ; they are 
both rare diseases in the dog. They are parasitic dis- 
eases ; eczema is not. But in almost all cases of mange 
we have a papular eczema from external irritations of 
a mechanical, chemical or thermic nature. 

Eczema depends upon a constitutional derangement 
or diathesis, hereditary or acquired, and of indefinite 
duration. 

64 




THE FIVE SENSES— FEELING. 
63 



It is clue to the retention and accumulation in the 
blood of an undue amount of certain excrementitious 
substances which normally should be removed by the 
kidneys as fast as formed ; this accumulation may be 
due to deficient functional activity of the kidneys, or 
to excessive formation of substances in the main uric 
acid and other products of imperfect oxidation. 

Urea represents the highest degree of oxidation of 
the products of assimilation and disassimilation. Uric 
acid, a lower degree of oxidation. Urea is extremely 
soluble and is excreted by the kidneys with ease. 

Uric acid is extremely insoluble and is excreted with 
difficulty, and in extremely small quantities, and lastly 
the deficient oxidation of nitrogenous elements of the 
blood and tissues. 

These causes will be fou.nd to reside in the liver, 
which is the chief seat of oxidizing process. To the 
liver, then, we must look for the primary causes of the 
trouble, and any one who will clinically observe cases 
of chronic eczema from this standpoint will be sur- 
prised at the number of patients who will exhibit 
svmptoms pointing to this organ. 

The causes of hepatic derangement are doubtless 
manifold — over feeding, too much meat diet, lack of 
exercise, etc. 

An exclusive meat diet may be all right in hunting 
dogs and those having opportunities for a great deal 
of exercise, but for house dogs this food is decidedly 
objectionable. 

Dog biscuits have a certain amount of meat, and I 
think sufficient for house dogs. 

To defective ahmcntation may be traced dyspepsia, 
diarrhoea, skin eruptions, poor coats, obesity, diabetes, 
etc. 



The chief local excitingf cause of eczema is scratch- 
ing, caused by fleas, or flies, uncleanliness, etc 

A thorough appreciation, therefore, of all the causes 
of the eruption, both actuating and contributory, can- 
not fail to greatly assist the veterinarian in the proper 
selection of his remedies applicable to a given case. 

Treatment. 

In a disease which may present so many different 
phases as regards appearance or lesion that may oc- 
cur in all shades of general constitutional vigor or de- 
bility that may be met with in connection with every 
other organic or functional affection it is hardly to be 
expected that any one form of routine treatment will 
meet the requirements of every individual case with 
success. 

Such an expectation would be at variance with 
known laws of pathology and with universal experience 
in most other forms of disease. 

In eczema, treatment will be successful just in pro- 
portion as every feature in each individual case is fully 
appreciated and its indication provided for. 

The task that the veterinarian has before him is two- 
fold. 

He must remove the exciting lesion as speedily and 
thoroughly as possible, and he must so try and alter 
the general constitution or habit of the patient as to 
diminish and perhaps, abolish the tendencies to re- 
lapse. To fully display the various therapeutic agents 
that may be brought into play against the different 
manifestations of the disease it is expedient to ana- 
lyze and group them. 

This we shall do under the following heads : 

Hygienic, etiological, diasthetic, internal, external. 

«7 



In the acute stage of a discharging eczema, water 
sometimes does harm, but the irritant effects of the 
water can be controlled in a measure by the addition 
of a small quantity of glycerine, or common salt, in the 
proportion of a teaspoonful to a basin of water. In 
ihe sub-acute and chronic form, when there is an ex- 
foliating cuticle, the application of soap and water 
thoroughly rubbed in is of great service. 

We sometimes use a little carbonate of soda in place 
of the salt to allay the itching. We see more of this 
disease in summer than in winter. Many local irrita- 
tions may excite an eczema, and just in proportion as 
their influence has been prolonged will the eczema 
prove obstinate and unyielding. 

All possible local causes should be sought for and 
remedied. 

The predisposing cause underlying eczema is as we 
have already noticed a general condition characterized 
by deficient oxidation and sluggish action of the or- 
gans concerned in this process. The principal point 
to consider, I think, is the influence excited in any 
given case by the greater or lesser functional inactivity 
of the liver. 

In a very large proportion of cases of long standing 
hepatic torpor is clearly evident, sometimes due to 
hereditary predisposition, but oftener to injudicious 
feeding and lack of exercise. 

Among the drugs useful in the treatment of this dis- 
ease to be used internally is calomel given in ver)^ 
small doses. 

If it is not thought desirable to give calomel, the 
following may be given : 

R. — Euonymin, i-8 gr. 

Podophylin, 1-20 gr. 



Calomel, i-8 gr. 
Aloin, 1-12 gr. 

Formula for one pill. Dose, one to three, accord- 
ing to size of dog. 

The diet of an eczematous patient must be some- 
what guided by the condition of the dog. If the ani- 
mal is plethoric, the amount of food must be lessened 
and exercise given. 

If, on the contrary, you have a case where the nutri- 
tive functions are faulty the appetite must be stimu- 
lated by some of the bitter tonics, nux vomica, etc. 

Direct internal treatment. — 

Arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution or strych- 
nme arseniate 1-40 to 1-134 gr. two or three times a 
day, according to size and age. 

Arsenic is a stimulant to the skin. It excites spe- 
cific action on it, and is of itself capable of producing 
various eruptions ; it needs to be handled with discre- 
tion. 

In an acute eczema it is contra-indicated in the 
chronic eczema; when we have a glassv skin, covered 
with fine scales, arsenic exerts its greatest influence 
for good. 

Gastric irritation and swelling of the eyelids and 

diarrhoea, indicate that too large an amount of the 

drug has been given. Calcium sulphide is another 

.useful medicament in doses of one-half to one grain 

two or three times a day. 

The local treatment of eczema involves the employ- 
ment of various lotions, ointments, powders and soaps. 

A very formidable list of these may be given. The 
number of soaps in the market mav be counted bv the 
dozens. 

69 



The ointments most in vogue are sulphur ointment, 
zinc ointment, and those containing carbohc acid. 
Balsam peru is a valuable application, and on account 
of its pleasant odor and being free from grease it is 
well adapted to house dogs. Powders are sometimes 
usefuhvhen there is a great deal of exudation, such as 
sub-nitrate of bismuth. 

Soaps — Of these, plain white castile and tar soap are 
very good. I do not recommend carbolic soap. 

Tar soap is useful in the scaly stage. 

Antipruritics or those medicines which have a ten- 
dency to stop itching. 

One of the most distressing features of many cases 
of eczema is the intolerable itching ; it is the symptom 
which gives us the most trouble. 

An application which will relieve the itching has 
long been sought for, but, unfortunately, has not been 
found. 

This symptom ceases when the eczema gets well, 
and not as a rule until then. 




70 



Diseases of the Ear* 

(SEROUS CRYSTS.) 

This disease is an accumulation of lymphatic secre- 
tion between the skin and cartilage of the ear. It 
generally occurs on the inside. 

The swelling is fluctuating and, as a rule, not very 
painful. 

This condition is probably due to some external 
violence; for instance, shaking of the head, bites and 
bruises. 

If this tumor is not opened, the contents may be 
reabsorbed, leaving the car thickened and malformed. 

The animal carries his head in an oblique direction, 
the afifected ear being held downward. He shakes his 
head with great care and sometimes scratches at the 
afifected side, touching it very lightly and crying while 
doing so. 

The disease yields rapidly to treatment if taken in 
time, but if allowed to go on we may have a thicken- 
ing of the whole internal meatus, almost closing it. 

The treatment consists in making a free incision 
into the tumor to its full length, evacuating the con- 
tents, washing it out with a solution of creolin and 
packing the cavity with iodoform gauze. 



Canket of the Ear. 

(OTOMYCOSIS ASPERGILUNA.) 



This is an inflammation of the external ear ; some- 
times we find an eczematous rash on the inside oi the 
flap extending deeply into the meatus. 

It is accompanied with redness and swelling and an 
exudation of a brownish color and with an odor re- 
sembling cheese. 



We sometimes have a formatiort of abcesses and 
g^reat thickening of the meatus; the tympanum, or 
drum of the ear is rarely afifected. It. is probably due 
to an accumulation of cerumen (or ear wax), dirt and 
scabs. It affects all breeds of dogs. 

SYMPTOMS. 

The animal shakes its head ; one ear, as a rule, is 
more afifected than the other ; he carries his head in an 
oblique direction, and scratches the ear, but very 
lightly. This act will som.etimes cause him to cry out. 

They avoid any attempt to touch the ear. 

In advanced cases, the meatus is almost entirely 
closed. 

There is impaired hearing when both ears are af- 
fected. 

If the base of the ear be compressed and moved, 
we will hear a sucking sound, caused by the supurat- 
ing condition. 

The general health of the patient is seldom afifected. 

There is a parasitic afifection of the ear which I think 
we will always find in aggravated cases. These fungi 
are called aspergillina-nigrigans — the deeper portion of 
the canal and the tympanic membrane are afifected. 

TREATMENT. 

Alcohol was a remedy that was much used and 
many quack preparations of a stimulating character. 

The use of such agents in a highly inflamed and 
painful auditory canal wifl hardly be maintained by 
any one; they cause considerable pain and they tend to 
further inflame the canal walls and tympanic mem- 
brane. 

It will be our duty to use some medicament which 
will efifectually destroy the parasite and at the same 



time exert a beneficial influence upon the inflamma- 
tion excited by its presence. 

Cold water should never be used in the ear. 

Clean the ear out thoroughly with warm water. In 
large dogs this can be fairly well done with the finger 
and a soft rag, but in the smaller breeds this operation 
is better accomplished by an instrument. 

Iodoform and starch is a very good powder. Chino- 
line salicylate and starch, i to 8, or i to i6. gives good 
results. 

The parasite destroyed and the inflammation sub- 
dued, the removal of the powder which may remain in 
the auditory canal may be left to nature, which, 
through the outgrowth of the epidermis, will accom- 
plish this completely within the course of a few days. 

It is well in plethoric animals to move the bowels 
once a week with a saline purge. I have had cases in 
which the ear was so inflamed and painful that I was 
compelled to use cocaine before the animal would al- 
low me to examine it. 




Rabies and Hydrophobia. 



In the dog this disease is caUed rabies (la rage). In 
man hydrophobia (or dread of water). 

It is described by some writers as acute disease of 
the entire nervous system, caused by a specific poison, 
and distinguished by a very variable period of incuba- 
tion. 

It is transmitted by direct infection through the bite 
of an affected animal. 

The poison of this disease is as yet unknown, or it 
has not been definitely described. 

This disease is unknown in hot climates. 

It is said that the disease has no premonitory symp- 
toms. 

It manifests itself in two forms, the furious and the 
mute, and ends in paralysis. The symptoms, as given 
by some writers, are restlessness, fear, timidity. 

A rabid dog is thirsty, but cannot drink ; he is not 
afraid of water, as was supposed, but the inability to 
drink is due to paralysis of the throat. Hunger is also 
present. 

Before the pi-ralysis sets in there is a tendency to 
gnaw and eat anything. 

Some authors claim that one of the diagnostic signs 
is a howling bark, hoarse and prolonged, four or five 
times in succession. During the first stage the animal 
picks up and eats foreign substances. 

The countenance has a peculiar expression of fear 
and pain. 

The animal usually dies in from six to nine days. 

In post-mortem examination there is an absence of 
specific lesions, traces of asphyxia and congestion of 



the lungs, meninges or coverings of the spinal cord 
are a little inflamed. 

The brain matter and saliva are supposed to contain 
the virus. 

In regard to the nature of rabies and hydrophobia, 
the view I retain is sometimes characterized as not be- 
lieving in them, but I would not put it ni that way. 
This I will say, that rabies is one of the rarest of dis- 
eases, and I have not yet seen an authenticated case. 
I say in a vast majority of cases of so-called hydro- 
phobia it is a simulated disease, produced by a morbid 
imagination. 

When you hear a cry of mad dog in the street, or 
when your dog has a fit and rushes about, the chances 
are a million to one that he is not rabid. 

When you read in the newspapers that some one has 
been bitten by a mad dog, the chances are thousands 
to one that he is not mad. 

Remember the fr.ct that there are more than a 
million chances to one that any dog which is supposed 
to be mad is not mad at all, and even if a person is 
bitten by a rabid dog, the danger of having hydro- 
phobia is not great. 

Dr. Dulles, who has for a number of years taken a 
great interest in the subject of hydrophobia, says : 

"There are a few symptoms supposed to be present 
in most cases, one of which is the fear of water. 

"This is not an luiiversal symptom, and it is found 
in many cases where there have been no inoculations 
from a dog. 

"It has been asserted that it is always the result of 
the bite of a rabid dog, but it has been due to a greav 
variety of causes and a great number of diseases. 



"Among the diseases in which fear of water occurs 
are angina, inflammation of the throat, inflammation 
of the middle ear, rheumatism, diseases of the kidneys 
with a form of uremic poisoning." 

The doctor has followed Pasteur's experiments from 
the beginning. 

He says when you take the figures, you find that 
without intervention there would have died in France 
more persons than have actually died of hydrophobia 
in the history of the whole world (if the assumption of 
their beliefs be accepted). It is a fact that with ah 
this boasted treatment, the actual number of deaths 
has not diminished in France from this disease since 
1885. 

There have been inoculations all over the world 
since that time, and there has not been one death les< 
per annum, in any country, and in France the deaths 
have exceeded those of previous years. 

In Germany this value of Pasteur's treatment was 
looked into and as hydrophobia was a very rare dis- 
ease there, they concluded that they did not need an 
institute. The so-called hydrophobia thrives better in 
the immediate proximity of the Pasteur Institute. 

It is strange to say that the two foci of hydrophobia 
are New York and Chicago, both of these cities having 
an institute. 

The American v^ociety for the Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals, in the thirty years of their experience, say 
our officers and agents have been constantly on the 
lookout, but no undoubted case has ever faUen under 
their observation or within their knowledge. 

There is such a disease, and it is important for you 
to know whether a sick dog is or is not rabid. 



l^he symptoms claimed by most writers on the sub- 
ject are very different from those usually represented 
to the public. 

r. It is supposed that a mad dog dreads water. This 
is not so, but he is usually unable to drink. 

2. It is supposed that a mad dog rushes about furi- 
ously, under intense excitement. 

The mad dog never runs about in an excited man- 
ner; he never gallops, but when out, jogs along at a 
steady gait. He never goes out of his way to avoid a 
person, but will snap and continue his journey. 

There is always a great inclination to stray away 
from home and seek solitary places. Incredible dis- 
tances are traveled, and he will always return home, if 
possible. 

3. A rabid dog does not bark, yelp or whine. The 
sound he em<ks is a hoarse growl, or a howling bark, 
three or four times in succession. 

4. It is supposed that a mad dog froths at the mouth. 
It is not so. 

There is a thick, ropy, tenacious saHva clinging to 
his lips, which he endeavors to get rid of with his 
paws. 

Affections of the brain are often mistaken for rabies. 

In conchision, I will say that I do not deny the ex- 
istence of the disease, but it is a very rare disease, and 
not one case in one hundred called so is true rabies or 
hydrophobia. 




Diseases of the Eye. 



Inflammation of the conjunctiva is the most com- 
mon affection of the eye met with in dogs. 

In ordinary cases we see a redness and sweUing of 
the conjunctiva and an accumulation of mucus in the 
corners of the eyes. This accumulation of mucus 
sticks to the edges of the eyelids, and during the night, 
when the animal is asleep, it dries up and sticks the 
eyelashes together. We sometimes meet with a follic- 
ular conjunctivitis. This inflammatory condition is 
found chiefly in the inner angle of the eye, on the third 
eyelid. 

The causes of conjunctivitis are exposure to cold, 
foreign bodies in the eye, etc. 

Purulent conjunctivitis is usually the result of some 
specific infectious disease, such as distemper. There 
is great sensitiveness to light, the animal constantly 
working the eye ; the secretions are muco-purulent and 
of a greenish-yellow color ; the cornea becomes of a 
dull, bluish color, and in some cases ulceration takes 
place. It is a very dangerous disease, causing exten- 
sive inflammation and ulceration and finally loss of 
sight. 

If the disease is produced from irritating substances, 
we must wash out the eyes thoroughly with some 
warm water, pulling the lids gently apart. 

When due to a cold, a solution of boric acid dropped 
into the lids and then touched with a solution of nitrate 
of silver, two grains to the ounce. 

Cataract is often seen in the dog. The kind which 
we chiefly meet with is known as gray, or senile cata- 
ract. 

78. 



Cataract is often hereditary — the development is 
slow. We notice by taking the animal to the light a 
grayish appearance of the pupil. By dilating the pupil 
with a solution of atropine this condition will be more 
easily recognized. 

A cataract may be removed by an operation, and is 
attended with some success and without a great deal 
of danger. 



Diseases of the Teeth. 



Dogs suffer more with their teeth than most of the 
domesticated animals. 

We see diseased conditions of the teeth more in 
some breeds than in others. 

Yorkshire and Black-and-Tan Terriers seem to be 
morj prone to dental affections than most others. 

Accumulations of tartar and caries of the teeth are 
the diseases we meet with. Tartar is a calcareous de- 
posit on the neck of the tooth at the border of the 
gums. If allowed to accumulate, it gradually pushes 
the gums back and often loosens the teeth and causes 
great irritation. This accumulation of tartar ought to 
be removed before it irritates the gums to too great 
an extent. The mouth might be washed out with a 
little tincture of myrrh and water. It is very essential 
that a dog's teeth should be examined by its owner 
and not allowed to get into such a condition that the 
gums are irritated. 

In old dogs we often see an acute inflammation of 
the periosteum, and the alveolar process becoming in- 
volved, the teeth become loose and fall out. 

Alveolar periostitis commences with the formation 
of an abcess at the root of the tooth, with abcess of 



the gums, and a fistulous tract may be found in the 
upper jaw bone and open under the eye, just below the 
under eyelid. 

In all cases there is a severe toothache ; they are ir- 
ritable, eat very slowly, and when anything hard is 
taken into the mouth, the pain causes a spasmodic 
twitching of the jaw. They will rebel against having 
the mouth examined, and if the tooth be struck with 
anything hard, they will howl and evince great pain. 

In such cases the offending teeth should be removed 
at once, and the mouth washed out with a solution of 
tincture myrrh and water, or listerine and water 
(warm). 

Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue. 

Dogs sometimes receive injuries to the tongue, re- 
sulting in severe inflammation. This occurs from bit- 
ing it during an attack of epilepsy, or in eating sharp 
substances, or from acrid matters coming in contact 
with it. 

SYMPTOMS. 

Pain, swelling, increased salivation, dif^culty in 
swallowing, intense thirst and partial loss of appetite. 

TREATMENT. 

Warm fomentations and frequent swabbing of the 
mouth with a solution of tincture of myrrh. 

Give a saline aperient and feed with sloppy food. 



Paralysis of the Tongfuei 

Paralysis of the tongue is sometimes congenital, but 
it often occurs from injury or debility. 

SYMPTOMS. 

The organ hangs generally from one side of the 
mouth. It rarely interferes with lapping. 



From long exposure to air. it becomes dry and more 
or less indurated, and of a purplish color. 

If the paralysis is of recent date and not congenital, 
but consecutive to some disease, we may, by the use 
of nerve tonics, long continued, considerably reduce 
it. Strychnine, in doses ranging from one hundredth 
of a grain to one-fortieth, according to the size of the 
dog, three times a day. The tongue should be re- 
placed in the mouth, and a tape put around the muz- 
zle, so as to keep the tongue in for an hour or two 
every day. 

The diet should be composed of sloppy food and 
given cold. 

The breeds most subject to paralysis of the tongue 
are Pugs and Toy Spaniels ; this may be due to the 
extremely short jaws of these breeds. 

I have never seen this condition in the Japanese 
Spaniel, although this breed has quite as short a head 
as the breeds mentioned above. 



POISONS. 



The dog is more frequently the victim of poison, ac- 
cidentally or purposely, than any of our domesticated 
animals. 

A short chapter on the symptoms and treatment is 
here given : 

POISONING BY ARSENIC 

Violent intlammation of the stomach and intestines, 
great restlessness, bloody diarrhoea, hawking, vomit- 
ing, great weakness, finally collapse and death in a 
few hours. 



TREATMENT. 

Emetics. Salt and water is the most ready house- 
hold emetic ; hydrated peroxide of iron in water every 
quarter of an hour and alcoholic stimulants by mouth 
and rectum. 

POISONING BY STRYCHNINE. 

This is usually administered intentionally, or it may 
be caused by repeating the dose too frequently. The 
dog is particularly susceptible to this drug. 

The symptoms are tetanic spasms, the animal some- 
times utters a loud cry, falling on his side, and the ex- 
tremities are twitched; also the jaws (champing). 

These symptoms are intermittent. When the ani- 
mal comes out of a convulsion, touching it, particularly 
on the spine, will immediately provoke another at- 
tack. 

The intensity of the attack depends upon the dose 
taken. 

In walking, the gait is stiff and the hind extremi- 
ties are moved in a stifT fashion ; he staggers and reels 
and then falls, the twitchings resembling those of a 
dog in a fit. 

TREATMENT. 

Give narcotics, as rectal injections of chloral hy- 
drate, lo to 30 grains, dissolved in water, according to 
the size of the dog. Hypodermic injections of mor- 
phine, 1-4 gr. 

Keep the animal quiet and in a dark place. 

POISONING BY CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. 

Poisoning by this drug is extremely rare. The 
symptoms are intense inflammation of the entire in- 
testinal tract, great thirst, vomiting, panting and signs 

82 



of pain; the mouth is swollen and red, bloody diar- 
rhoea, the extremities are cold and convulsions until 
death relieves the sufferer. 



TREATMENT. 

Large quantities of the white of eggs or milk. 
Stimulants, hypodermically or by rectum. Sulphur 
or iodide of potash, lo gr. ; if the dose has not been 
sufficient to kill the animal, it should be fed on soft 
food and eggs. 

POISONING BY CARBOLIC ACID. 

This is generally produced by animals licking ap- 
plications containing this drug that have been applied 
to the skin, or by absorption through the skin from a 
wound. 

The dog is very susceptible to this drug. 

The symptoms are : Olive colored urine, colicky 
pains, pain on pressure of the abdomen, vomiting, diar- 
rhoea, great inflammation of the mouth, weakness, 
twitching of the muscles, paralysis and convulsions. 

TREATMENT. 

Give a large dose of Glauber's salts, stimulants, as 
whisky or brandy. Keep the animal warm and give 
the white of eggs or milk. 

The sores in the mouth may be washed with a little 
tincture of myrrh or a solution of chlorate of potash. 

If the animal recovers, the diet should be beef tea, 
eggs and milk. 

POISONING BY PHOSPHORUS. 

This may be caused by eating some of the various 
forms of roach or bug poisons. 

83 



The symptoms are constant vomiting. The rejected 
matter has the odor of phosphorus; great restlessness, 
howhng and whining; intense irritation of the mouth 
and throat. The saHva is thick and copious. 

After these symptoms have subsided, the mucous 
membrane becomes a dirty yellow. Great pain on 
pressure in the region of the liver and intestines. The 
foecal matter is tinged with blood, and finally paraly- 
sis and collapse. 

TREATMENT. 

As an emetic, sulph. copper, i.o; water, 50.0. 
Tablespoonful every ten minutes until effect. 
This is the dose for a medium-sized dog : Turpen- 
tine, 10 to 30 drops, beaten up with the white of an 

egg- 
Do not give oil of any kind. 

It is always difificult to treat poisoning in dogs as 
we usually see the animals after the drug has been 
well absorbed, and the symptons of most of the cor- 
rosive poisons are very much alike, but it will always 
be a safe plan when poisoning is suspected to imme- 
diately give an emetic, and a ready household one is 
salt and mustard. 

Keep the animal warm. 




PRESCRIPTIONS. 



Distemper. 

Commence with small doses of Calomel, % grain, until from 
one to two grains are taken ; repeat in two days. 

To keep eyes clean use a solution of Boric Acid, 20 grains to 
the ounce. 

For diarrhoea, Sulpho-carbolate Zinc in % grain doses until 
effect. 

Calcium Sulphide in % to i grain doses 3 or 4 times a day. 

For fever, Acetanilid in doses of 2 to 5 grains 3 or 4 times 
a day. 

Stimulants of whiskey or brandy. 

Easily digested nutritious food, eggs, milk and beef tea. 

Diarrhoea. 

Sulpho-carbolate Zinc, X to i grain 3 or 4 times a day ; or 
Subgallate Bismuth, 2 grains to 5 grains 3 or 4 times a day. 

85 



Bronchial Cougfh. 

JR/ Codeinoe Sulph gr- iv. 

Ammon. Chloride 3 v. 

Syr. prun. Virgin fl. 3 ii. 

Spts. jun. Comp. q s ad fl. 3 iv. 

Teaspoonful every 3 hours. 

For Torpid Liver. 

f^luid extract Cascara Sagrada, 30 to 60 drops in the morning 
two or three times a week ; or, Chionia, half teaspoonful 3 or 4 
times a week. Reduce meat diet. Give skimmed milk. 

Canker of the Ear. 

Wash out the ears with a solution of Bicarbonate Soda, 
30 grains to the ounce of water, and gently apply with the end 
of the finger a little Resinol ointment. 

Fits. 

Remove cause. Clean out bowels with a dose of Castor Oil. 
Allay excitement with Morphine, }i to X grain. 
Fits in pups are chiefly due to worms. 

Abscess. 

Open freely, and wash out with a 2 per cent, solution of Creo- 
lin, or pack cavity with Iodoform gauze. 

For Tape Worm. 

V^ Pelletienne gr. }4 

Follow in I )4 hours by a dose of Castor Oil. Dose for medium 
sized adult dog. 

86 



A G)ugfh Mixture, 

^ Codeinoe gr. iv. 

Ac. hydrocyan. dil 9 ii. 

Am. Chlorid 9 ii. 

Syr. Pruni Virg. ad = ii. 

Teaspoonful every 3 hours. 

For Round Worms* 

^ Santonin gr. i. 

Calomel gr. ss. 

One powder every morning until 4 or 5 have been taken. 
Follow each dose, about an hour after, with a tablespoonful of 
Sweet Oil. 

For Moist Eczema. 

JR^ Resorcin part i. 

Acoholis 50 

Vaselin 150 

Apply once or twice a day. 

Rheumatism. 

Salicylate Soda, 5 grains to 10 grains 3 times a day. 
Open bowels with Calomel, i grain to 3 grains, according to 
size of dog. 

Keep animal warm and dry. 

For Wounds. 

^ Creolin i part. 

Aqua 50 parts. 

Wash with this, and dust surface with Boric powder. 

87 



Tonic Pills. 

Medium sized dog. 

Reduced Iron gf- i- 

Arsenous Acid gr. 1-50 

Strychnine Sulp gr. 1-60 

For smaller dogs reduce the Strychnine to i-ioo. 

For All Pain. 

Morphine Sulph., }i to X grain. 
Repeat in 3 hours if not relieved. 

For Itching Eczema. 

^ Ext. Grindel. Rob 3 i. 

Ung. Resinol § i. 

Adeps Lanae, q s ad 3 ii. 

Apply to affected area. 

For Colic. 

Calomel, i grain to 3 grains, followed by a dose of Castor Oil 
or Olive Oil. 

For pain, Morphine, '/s to X grain. 

Feed on soft food for a few days. At each time of feeding 
give I grain of Pepsin. 

Cystitis. 

Open bowels with a dose of Salts. 

Benzoate of Soda, 2 grains to 5 grains, 3 times a day ; or 
Salicylate Soda, 5 to 10 grains, 3 times a day. 

If urine is suppressed the catheter will have to be used. 



Asthma* 

To relieve the difficult breathing, give Glonoin. l-ioo grain, 
every half hour until relief. 

Potassium Iodide gr. v. 

Sol. Potass. Arsenite m. i. 

Tinct. Belladonna m. ii. 

This represents one dose ; or 

R Apomorphia o.oi 

Morph. Hydro 0.06 

Ac. Hydrochlor. dil — 0.3 

Aqua 1 00.0 

One to two teaspoonfuls every 3 hours. 
Pneumonia. 

At the onset of the attack give small doses of Calomel, % to 
.I4 grain, until one grain has been taken. 

For the fever, Acetanilid, in doses of 2 grains to 5 grains 3 
times a day. 

Keep the animal quiet and warm. Put on a jacket made of 
cotton batten, and hold in place w^th a bandage of unbleached 
muslin. Rub a little ammonia liniment to sides. Diet : beef 
tea, milk and scraped raw meat. 

A tablet made of the following 3 times a day : 

R 

Ammonium Salicylate grs. 2)4 

Acetanilid grs. 2^ 

Citrated CaffSin grs. )4 

Chronic Diarrhoea. 

Give a dose of Castor Oil to clean out bowels. 

R Sulph. Copper gr. i. 

Sulph. Morphia gr- i'- 

Sulph. Quinine gr. xxiv. 

89 



M. ft. pil. No. xH. One 3 times a day. 
Or, Subgallate Bismuth, 2 to 5 grs., 3 times a day ; or Sulpho- 
carbolate Zinc, i to 2 grains 3 times a day. 

For "Weak Eyes, 

Bathe two or three times a day with a solution of Boric Acid. 
20 grains to the ounce of distilled water. 

Peritonitis, 

Give Calomel in small doses, }4 to )4 gr., every half hour 
until from one to two grains are taken ; Morphine jg to }4 grain 
to relieve pain, hot applications to bowels. Feed on liquid food, 
beef tea or milk. Keep animal warm and quiet. 

Gastritis. 

If the stomach is irritable and there is much vomiting give 
Creosote, half to one minim, in tablet form, two to three times 
a day ; or Subgallate of Bismuth, 2 to 5 grains, two or three 
times a day. 

The food should be milk, peptonized. 

If there is constipation, Enemas must be given. 

Water must be given sparingly, only a small quantity at 
a time and quite cold. 

Indigestion. 

Cascara Sagrada, 20 to 6o drops in the morning to gently 
move the bowels. Pepsin, in i to 2 grains, must be given at each 
meal. Fatty food and vegetables must be avoided. Milk, beef 
tea or raw meat scraped, must be the diet. Give in small 
quantities. 



91 



A CHAPTER OF DON'TS. 



Don't expect a puppy to know as much as an adult 
dog. 

Don't keep a dog unless you are fond of it. 

Don't expect to house break a pup in a week. 

Don't ill-use him because he does not understand 
you. 

Don't wait too long to break him to chain and col- 
lar. 

Don't think that a dog has no likes or dislikes. 

Don't whip him if he barks at a stranger, and never 
kick your dog. 

Don't allow him to have his own way, but be firm 
and determined with him, using only enough punish- 
ment to control him, if you can't accomplish it by talk- 
ing to him. 

Don't allow your dog to stray too far from you in 
the streets, and make him obedient to call. 

Don't allow him to cross the street unless he is near 
to you for fear of being run over by bicycles and 
wagons. 

Don't be afraid to give your dog plenty of exercise. 

Don't over-feed him — one meal a day is sufihcient 
for any house dog (adult). 

Don't feed him around the table. 

Don't give him chicken bones ; they are dangerous. 

Don't ignore his instincts and think that he can live 
on starchy foods alone. 

Don't entertain the false notion that meat produces 
fits or mange. 

Don't give him a taste for candies. 

9a 



Don't wash him more than once a week in warm 
weather, and only once in two weeks in cold weather, 
and not even then, unless he actually requires it. 

Don't frighten him when giving him his bath, and 
do not allow soap to irritate his eyes. 

Don't neglect the care of his teeth ; see that tartar 
does not accumulate on them. 

Don't neglect his ears ; clean them out with a soft 
rag occasionally, using only warm water. 

Don't let him dry himself after his bath, and do not 
take him out doors too soon after, particularly in win- 
ter. 

Don't let his hair get matted ; a little attention to this 
in long-haired varieties will save a great deal of truble. 

Don't clip your dog in summer ; he will suffer more 
from flies, and besides his coat will never look as well 
again. 

Don't think it too much trouble to nurse your dog 
when sick, and don't wait to call in the veterinarian if 
you think he is seriously sick . 

Don't believe half of the stories you read in the daily 
papers of mad dogs ; rabies is one of the rarest of dis- 
eases, and I can confidently say that I have never seen 
a single case. 

Don't get nervous if bitten by a dog; any dog bite, if 
properly treated, will get well ; these so-called cases of 
hydrophobia are diseases of the imagination. 

Don't be imposed upon by quacks and nostrum ven- 
ders, but when your dog is sick, endeavor to get a 
veterinarian who is making the diseases of dogs a spe- 
cial study ; any fool can learn how to give medicine, 
but it is a hard lesson to learn what medicine to give 
and when to give it. 

93 



It is not my intention to advance anything" new or 
startling, but rather to suggest or outHne simple, ef- 
fective treatment in the most common ailments to 
which pet dogs are liable. 

Has not the day arrived when the owners of dogs 
should exercise the greatest possible caution before ac- 
cepting the nostrums of quacks — especially so when 
we consider the fact that the class of dogs we see now 
have a much greater money value than they had a few 
years ago ? 




INDEX. 



Pack 

Administration of Medicine ■ 19 

Asthma 43 

Brain. Inflammation of 45 

Bronchitis 4* 

Bowels, Inflammation of 23 

Canker of the Ear 71 

Colic 21 

Chronic Irritable Cough 32 

Chorea St. Vitus Dance; 48 

Don'ts, A Chapter of 92 

Dedication 1 

Dropsy 3°' 

Distemper 35 

Eye, Diseases of 78 

Exercise 6 

Eczema 63 

Ear, Diseases of 7' 

Feeding iQ 

Fits, Epileptic 44 

Fractures of the Bones 60 

Hydrophobia 74 

Heart Disease 53 

Introduction 3 

Inflammation of the Brain 4S 

Inflammation of the Liver 52 

Inflammation of the Bowels 23 

Laryngitis 4i 

Liver, Inflammation of 52 

Nursing 20 

Obstetrics 56 

Obesity 57 

Poisons 81 

Prescriptions 85 

Prolaps of the Rectum 31 

Piles 31 

Pneumonia 3.^ 

Paralysis 49 

Rabies 74 

Rheumatism 5^ 

Spinal Meningitis 4^ 

St. Vitus Dance 48 

Stone in the Bladder 54 

Teeth, Diseases 79 

Tongue, Inflammation of 80 

Tongue, Paralysis of 80 

Washing 8 

Worms 26 

Wounds and their Treatment 60 

Warts 62 



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Life i^^^ui^ance ^ocietsij 

OF THE UxNITED STATES, 

No. I20 Broadway, New York. 

STRONGEST^ntSFWORLD. 

Women assured at same rates as men. 
J. \Y. Alexander. Yi'ce-Pres. H. B. Hyde, Pres. 

(To be detached.) 

Please send me an illustration of - - f^rm 

of policy at my age. 

Name - 

Address -- 

Date of Birth - — 

TO HENRY HALE, manager. 

METROPOLITAN DISTRICT, 

No. 120 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. 

q6 



I LEflRN TO STUFF BIRDS! 
I LEflRN TAXIDERMY! 

LEflRN TO-DflY! i 

1 I-^ECAUSE success is guaranteed from the start I j 

2 Because the work is pleasant as well as profitable. I 

I A collection of birds is both beautiful and valuable. \ 

i Birds, animals, fish, reptiles, etc., may be preserved with I 

J little trouble, as records of the day's chase. j 

% Boys, girls, men and women can do nice work from the start, and t 

* can become expert in one v,'uek. Jlounied birds find a ready sale ; i 

J besides you c:in make moiipy teaehint; yonr friends. Eviry Echooi t 

€ ehould have a collection of native birds aiid aniu.a!s. ? 

i TAXTT^PR is a compound of wonderful embalmirtC power. It is J 

• I i\.^lLJL^l\. not necessary to fkln biids or animals wlicn using ' 

g Taxider. Birds when Tnouiitcd with Taxider become as bard ai^ stone, ' 

J and will last a thousand years unrlislurbed by moth or time, ho tools ? 

J required except those that everyone has. One box Taxider is enough ? 

» to mount 3J birds the size of a quail, with full instiuctionsformounting ? 

? everyihin^j. Also instructions for tanning skins for rugs, etc. Trice $1. ■ 

I S:Bn WHAT ONJ^ MAN SAYS. \ 

i Mk. F. L. Acslet : Ta< oma. Wash., Aug. 9, 18:8. ? 

J I received the box of Taxider some time ago. It works fine. I 5 

J have just finished mounting a beautiful swan. I Lave alrody a n;c<' 5 

% collection of birds, and a class of te en boys. It is really w^mdeitul \ 

5 how it works. The very first l)i d I mounted was a success. J'lcase ^ 

J find enclosed money order for one dozen boxes. Please lush, rs I am 1 

5 in quite a hurry. Thanking yen for past favors, i 

Jf I remain truly yours, J 

% J. I!. Flanders, Tacoma, Wash. ' 

% I have letters like this from hundreds of people, and \ 

^ all are havin.;;- success. Send for a box to-day. You can ^ 

g learn in one hour. Remember, succc^s is guaranteed J 

J from the start. Liberal discounts to agents. Taxider is • 

I manufactured by ? 

i F". L. ACKLEIY. ? 

5 Sioux City, la., U. S. A. j 

97 



Old Grist Mill 



DOG 



EAT,. 



*S* *^*% •$*«.%•-% •^ •^ •■% •-^p* »t* 9^ 4^ V^ *■% «S* *.t* *^ *^ •^V •^ 

•$• •$• A •?■♦ •J ► **♦ •-*-♦ •?■♦ »■*■• ►*■• •% ♦■% •.*■• ♦?• ♦*■# »*■• **-• ♦*■• ♦■*■♦ ♦*■• «^ •^ •^ 



FISH 



, , PUPPY 



A PERFECT FOOD FOR LARGE AND SMALl HOGS. 

ENTIRE WHEAT USED INSTEAD OF GOMMON FLOUR. 



Potter Sh Wrightiagton, 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

Celebrated Old Grist Mill Health Foods. 



00 COMMERCE STREET, = BOSTON, 



SEND $1.00 FOR 12 INCH SAMPLE BOX. 

qS 



«^s-«o<o- c-oo^a 



o 



OWNERS OF VALUABLE DOGS SHOULD HAVE 

"KENNEL SECRETS," 

By ASHMONr. 

THE MOST EXKA-JSTIVE TRZATISE CN THE DOG EVIR WRITTEN. 

With this in hand the irerest iiovico can Manage, nrceil nnd 

Exhibit Dogs as scientifically as tlie m;>^t t xperieuceO. 

Moreover, it contains 153 Exquisite Half-tone Pictures of the 

grandest Dogs of a:i breeds, the world has ever known. 

constituling it priceless as a standard for Dogs. 

PRICE «l».<)0 and 84 CENTS POSTAWF. 



Modern Training and Handling 

By B. WATERS (KINQRAIL.) 

Is every where considered to be far and away in a<lvance of i.ll 
othor books which treat of the same subjects. 

It leaves no point of a dog's education uncovered ; and makes clear 

and easy the work of training, for all purposes. 

PRICE |i2.00. SESB POSTPAID. 



AsHMONT's Latest Book. 

DEVOTED TO THE 

Symptoms, Nature, Causes and Treatment of 
DISEASES OF DOGS, 

on which he has been at work more tlian four years, should be 

off the press about July, 1899. 

n is a companion volume of KENNKl-SKCRETS. All subject are 

quiteas exhaustively treated, and it will be as superbly illustrated. 

PKICr fS.OO aiil 34 CESTS POSTAGE. 

ORDERS MAY KK BOOKED NOW. 



All orders for Ashtnont's books should be addressed 

J. LORINC THAYER PUBLISHING CO. 



I 

No. 3 Park Square, BOSTON. MASS. ^ 



(JENTRAL pARK BOARDING ReNNELS, 

85th St., central Park, west. 
Importer and Breeder of 

ENGLISH BULli DOGS 

AND BULL TERRIERS. 

IMPORTED STOCK ALWAYS ON HAND. 



I have imported more Prize Winners than other 
dealer in America. 

JOHN WHELAN, Proprietor^ 



(56 



BLUE 




(trade mark. ) 

DOQ COLLARS. 







m 



JOSEPH COGAN, ^ 

Wholesale Manufncturer, 

BOSTON, ma:s. . 




WANTED.-New York Agents who cater to the very best trade:- 



Decorative Stuffs. ^ 

Reproductions of Antique Brocaded Silks, 
Damasks, Embroideries, and Tapestries for Drawing- 
rooms, Libraries, Dining-rooms, Halls, etc. * * ■■' 
Select Cretonnes and other Cotton Goods for Bed- 
rocmis and Country Hous'S. '" * * Interesting 
Stuffs, boih Plain and Figured, for Wall Hangings. 
Soft Eastern Silks of Special Design. * * * Plain 
Stuffs in Choice Colors : A^elvets, Plushes, Cloths, 
and Others. * * * A large Variety of Inexpensive 
Stuffs for Curtains and Furniture Coverings, where 
an Artistic Effect is required at a Low Cost. 

JOHNSON & FAULKNER, 

North Union Square, 



BOSTON, j^^3-^ YORK CHICAGO. 

I20 Tremont Street. * 24-26 Adams Street. 



PHILADELPHIA, 1200 Chestnut Street. 



y 



HE experience of more 
than THIRTY years 
has gone to the per- 
fecting of 



.S Pt^ATT'S 



Dog 

PATENT and ^ 



^\ Poultry 

FOODS. 



And to-day their aggregate output of 
FIVE HUNDRED TONS per week 
of manufactured foods testifies to the 
universal appreciation of their excel- 
lence. It is no exaggeration to say 
that the most successful breeders, 
dealers and amateurs owe something of 
their success to our products. 

Send for Catalogue, etc., to 

SPRATT'S PATENT LIHITED, 

339 to 245 EAST 56th STREET, 
NEW YORK, N. Y. 



■ilf 






'P 
^ 



! 



Q/IRIiEri CITY, 
L. I. ^ ^ 



AT STUD: ^ ^ ^ 

FRENCH BULL DOGS 
^ AND BOSTON TERRIERS. 

FRENCH BULL DOGS : 

Pierrot^ Mons Blanc, Le Petit Co Co, and Shotto. 

BOSTON TERRIER : EI Rey. 

A number of fine young dogs, bitches and puppies for sale. 
Can be seen at the Kennels (45 minutes from New York) 
or in town on short notice by applying at 

Shawmut Kennels,^ 

J^ J^ 28 East 2 1 St Street, New York City. 

103 



Newq/istle Kennels, 

BROOKLINE, MASS., U S. A. 



1 Scottish Terriers I ^$ 

! AND f 

a»^a-^a^a-^»^a^a^»^«» ■ •■» a-»»^a-^»^a-*«» ■ •» ' 

^ { Cocker Spaniels. \ 

z ^s 

t»^a^»^-a-^»-a^«^a^»»^aoa»a» a »a»a« < » ■ ■■» - 

ASPECIALTY OF YOUNG STOCK FOR HEALTH AND STRENGTH. 
Only Pure Blood Stock Kept or Sold. 

Successful Shipments to Every State in the Union, 

AT STUD.— Black Cocker Spaniel.— Fee $J0* 

GONZALO.— A. K. C. 45405. 

A tine vigorous stock getten 

AT STUD.— Scottish Terrier.— Fee $10. 

ROSS.— (Kilarn x Randy), Imp. J898. 

— A strong typical dog, very successful at stud. 



Particulars of above on application and all letters promptly ' 
answered as to stock or stud service. 



104 



Swiss Mountain Kennels, 




BREEDERS and IMPORTERS of 

FIELD SPANIELS, 

COCKER SPANIELS, 

AND 5KYE TERRIERS. 



YOUNG AND APPROVED STOCK ALWAYS FOR SALE, 



Catalogues illustrated with half-tone pictures of the above 
breeds, kenne'.s, tSic, 20 cents. 

SWISS MOUNTAIN KENNELS. 

Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. 



^eDle Rapn^ J^er^nels 









CHA3IPION VBNI^OTTA, A. K. C. S. B. 50, 576. 

(A champion before twelve months old.) 



J^ HESE Kennels are exclusively devoted to .^ ^ 

c^ Dachshu nd Breeding'^ .^ 

and their unparalleled success has made '^VENLO'' 
a household word of the fancy J' J> ^ J- ^ 

J€f- HOUSE '^V 

PUPPIES . U/ \!» ALL 

BIOOD STUD DOQS, SHOW COLORS 






BITCH'S. '•li?*:^ _ ^ ^£5^^ ^r^i- VARIETIES 




"A Dachshund is beyond doubt the sweetest, cleanest and 
most cheerful companion." 

OORRESF-ON DEINCH; SOLICITED. 

Address, ^/q L. A. KLEIN, 

CUTTENBURC, N. J. 



THE^InERKflN Pet Doq Kennel, 




IMPORTER AND BREEDER OF 

SHALL TET D0Q5, 

0. 278 West lllh Street, NEW YORK. W. Y. 

I he OUlest and Most Successful Breeder 
aud Exhibitor in America. 



A Specialty in all kinds of 

LADIES' PET DOGS, 

King Charles Spanieic, 

Blenheim Spaniels, 

Prince Charles Spaniels, 

Ruby Spaniels. 



DOGS IN THE STUD. 

KING CHARLES SPANIEL. 
CHAMPION ROMEO (9,230), 

Eeat " Kintj of thp Charlies," who was 
never before beaten. 

OLD GOLD (27,116). 

(The Ruby Spaniel, one of the best 
dogs in tlie Slud.) 

JAPANESE SPANIEL— KOBIE. 

Beautifully coated. Weight, five pouncU 

YORKSHIRE^ERRIERS. 
ASHTON PREMIER, 

winner of forty first prizes in Engl.-jud 
Weight, five lbs.; twenty -six inches of co^t. 

TED, 

V.' eight, five lbs,; fifteen inches of coat. 



Constantly on hand 
the largest Stock of 

JAPANESE SPANIELS 

Yorkshire Terriers, 

With the longest of coats 

from T, to 6 pounds 

in weight. 

Maltese Terriers. 

Black and Tan 

of the smallest breed. 

Pugs, 

Minotaur Bred Pomeranians 
i;Uick, White, Chocolate. 



^ 




Address, SENN, 

278 West nth Street. 










It Catches 




The above cut shows the machine which will quickly and 
thoroughly rid dogs or cats of fleas, without the use of un- 
pleasant concoctions. It has two combs of different fineness 
- a coarse one to straighten the hair and a fine one to catch 
the fleas. It is easily cleaned and is becoming very widely 

used THOUSANDS RECOMMEND IT. 

No. 1, for 8hort-IIalred DofiTH and Cats, . . ^1.60 
No. 2, for I^oiis-IIulred I>oe», ... 1X5 

No. C, for Lonser-llalred or Shacsry l>og;», . 2.00 

MARSH LABOR SAYING CO., 



Call for these Machines at Hardware 
and Sporting Goods Stores. 



Box 1006, Providence, R. I. 



Haas Bros., 

NEW YORKo 






^ Ladies^ Tailors. 



Dressmakers, Milliners. 



SHIRT HAKERS. 

log 



HE'S DEAD. 

Oh, lay him gently in the ground, 

And may his tomb be by this verse renowned ; 
Here shock, the pride of all his kind, is laid. 

Who fawned like man, but ne'er like man betrayed. 

A ideauUM burial 6pct-^ 

9et i^nimah. 



For All 



IS THE 



]ELL^OQD|\[ ftTIQNAL (]EMETERY 



Beautifully Situated on the Hudson, 

New YORK, 



Lots from $K00 per foot up.<5^«^ 

BE A UTIFULL Y LAID UT and CAREB FOR. 



SUPERINTENDENT ATTENDS TO INTERMENT. 
YOU ONLY HAVE TO EXPRESS THE BODY. 



A Devoted Pet fs Entitled to a DECENT BURIAL. 



FULL PARTICULARS FROM 

Dell Wood National Cemetery, 

p. O BOX 1223. e?=--^NEW YORK CITY. 

no 



HE'S DEAD. 

Oh, lay him gently in the ground, 

And may his tomb be by this verse renowned ; 
Here shock, the pride of all his kind, is laid. 

Who fawned like man, but ne'er like man betrayed. 



M beautiful i^urial iipct-^ 

9ct i4nimaltf. 



For All 



IS THE 



QeLL^OOD ]\J ATIQNAL [JEMETERY 



Beautifully Situated on the Hudson, 

HmW YORK. 



Lots from $L00 per foot up.t^«^ 

BE A UTIFVLL Y LAID OUT and CARED FOR, 



SUPERINTENDENT ATTENDS TO INTERMENT. 
YOU ONLY HAVE TO EXPRESS THE BODY. 



A Devoted Pet is Entitled to a DECENT BURIAL. 



FULL PARTICULARS FROM 

Dell Wood National Cemetery, 

p. O BOX 1223. <i?s.'-^NEW YORK CITY. 

IIO 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 857 017 P 




